|
1
|
Karami MH, Kalaee MR, Mazinani S, Shakiba M, Shafiei Navid S, Abdouss M, Beig Mohammadi A, Zhao W, Koosha M, Song Z, Li T. Curing Kinetics Modeling of Epoxy Modified by Fully Vulcanized Elastomer Nanoparticles Using Rheometry Method. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092870. [PMID: 35566229 PMCID: PMC9103035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the curing kinetics of epoxy nanocomposites containing ultra-fine full-vulcanized acrylonitrile butadiene rubber nanoparticles (UFNBRP) at different concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt.% was investigated. In addition, the effect of curing temperatures was studied based on the rheological method under isothermal conditions. The epoxy resin/UFNBRP nanocomposites were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR analysis exhibited the successful preparation of epoxy resin/UFNBRP, due to the existence of the UFNBRP characteristic peaks in the final product spectrum. The morphological structure of the epoxy resin/UFNBRP nanocomposites was investigated by both field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The FESEM and TEM studies showed UFNBRP had a spherical structure and was well dispersed in epoxy resin. The chemorheological analysis showed that due to the interactions between UFNBRP and epoxy resin, by increasing UFNBRP concentration at a constant temperature (65, 70 and 75 °C), the curing rate decreases at the gel point. Furthermore, both the curing kinetics modeling and chemorheological analysis demonstrated that the incorporation of 0.5% UFNBRP in epoxy resin matrix reduces the activation energy. The curing kinetic of epoxy resin/UFNBRP nanocomposite was best fitted with the Sestak–Berggren autocatalytic model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Karami
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran P.O. Box 19585-466, Iran;
- Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran P.O. Box 19585-466, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Kalaee
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran P.O. Box 19585-466, Iran;
- Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran P.O. Box 19585-466, Iran
- Correspondence: or (M.R.K.); or (M.K.); (T.L.)
| | - Saeideh Mazinani
- New Technologies Research Center (NTRC), Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Ave., Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran;
| | - Mohamadreza Shakiba
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (M.S.); (M.A.); (A.B.M.)
| | - Saied Shafiei Navid
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar P.O. Box 95447-47416, Iran;
| | - Majid Abdouss
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (M.S.); (M.A.); (A.B.M.)
| | - Alireza Beig Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (M.S.); (M.A.); (A.B.M.)
| | - Weisong Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China;
| | - Mojtaba Koosha
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China;
- Correspondence: or (M.R.K.); or (M.K.); (T.L.)
| | - Ziyue Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Tianduo Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China;
- Correspondence: or (M.R.K.); or (M.K.); (T.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Poornima Vijayan P, George JS, Thomas S. The Effect of Polymeric Inclusions and Nanofillers on Cure Kinetics of Epoxy Resin: A Review. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x21350145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
|
3
|
In-Out Surface Modification of Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) for Excellent Cure of Epoxy: Chemistry and Kinetics Modeling. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113078. [PMID: 34835842 PMCID: PMC8620462 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In-out surface modification of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) has been successfully performed by taking advantage of 8-hydroxyquinolines in the lumen of HNTs and precisely synthesized aniline oligomers (AO) of different lengths (tri- and pentamer) anchored on the external surface of the HNTs. Several analyses, including FTIR, H-NMR, TGA, UV-visible spectroscopy, and SEM, were used to establish the nature of the HNTs’ surface engineering. Nanoparticles were incorporated into epoxy resin at 0.1 wt.% loading for investigation of the contribution of surface chemistry to epoxy cure behavior and kinetics. Nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data were fed into home-written MATLAB codes, and isoconversional approaches were used to determine the apparent activation energy (Eα) as a function of the extent of cure reaction (α). Compared to pristine HNTs, AO-HNTs facilitated the densification of an epoxy network. Pentamer AO-HNTs with longer arms promoted an Excellent cure; with an Eα value that was 14% lower in the presence of this additive than for neat epoxy, demonstrating an enhanced cross-linking. The model also predicted a triplet of cure (m, n, and ln A) for autocatalytic reaction order, non-catalytic reaction order, and pre-exponential factor, respectively, by the Arrhenius equation. The enhanced autocatalytic reaction in AO-HNTs/epoxy was reflected in a significant rise in the value of m, from 0.11 to 0.28. Kinetic models reliably predict the cure footprint suggested by DSC measurements.
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Naseem S, Wießner S, Kühnert I, Leuteritz A. Layered Double Hydroxide (MgFeAl-LDH)-Based Polypropylene (PP) Nanocomposite: Mechanical Properties and Thermal Degradation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3452. [PMID: 34641267 PMCID: PMC8512664 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This work analyzes the thermal degradation and mechanical properties of iron (Fe)-containing MgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based polypropylene (PP) nanocomposite. Ternary metal (MgFeAl) LDHs were prepared using the urea hydrolysis method, and Fe was used in two different concentrations (5 and 10 mol%). Nanocomposites containing MgFeAl-LDH and PP were prepared using the melt mixing method by a small-scale compounder. Three different loadings of LDHs were used in PP (2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt%). Rheological properties were determined by rheometer, and flammability was studied using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL94 (V and HB). Color parameters (L*, a*, b*) and opacity of PP nanocomposites were measured with a spectrophotometer. Mechanical properties were analyzed with a universal testing machine (UTM) and Charpy impact test. The thermal behavior of MgFeAl-LDH/PP nanocomposites was studied using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The morphology of LDH/PP nanocomposites was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A decrease in melt viscosity and increase in burning rate were observed in the case of iron (Fe)-based PP nanocomposites. A decrease in mechanical properties interpreted as increased catalytic degradation was also observed in iron (Fe)-containing PP nanocomposites. Such types of LDH/PP nanocomposites can be useful where faster degradation or faster recycling of polymer nanocomposites is required because of environmental issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Naseem
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (S.W.); (I.K.); (A.L.)
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Wießner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (S.W.); (I.K.); (A.L.)
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ines Kühnert
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (S.W.); (I.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Andreas Leuteritz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (S.W.); (I.K.); (A.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Imidazole-functionalized nitrogen-rich Mg-Al-CO3 layered double hydroxide for developing highly crosslinkable epoxy with high thermal and mechanical properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|