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Shi JF, Kong WW, Zou KK, Li N, Wang YY, Yan DX. Enhanced mechanical and electromagnetic interference shielding performance of carbon fiber/epoxy composite with intercalation of modified aramid fiber. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.130959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Żukowska W, Kosmela P, Wojtasz P, Szczepański M, Piasecki A, Barczewski R, Barczewski M, Hejna A. Comprehensive Enhancement of Prepolymer-Based Flexible Polyurethane Foams' Performance by Introduction of Cost-Effective Waste-Based Ground Tire Rubber Particles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15165728. [PMID: 36013863 PMCID: PMC9412428 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Material innovations in polyurethane (PU) foams should ideally combine performance enhancement, environmental impact limitation, and cost reduction. These goals can be achieved by applying recycled or waste-based materials without broader industrial applications, implicating their low price. Herein, from 5 to 20 parts by weight of ground tire rubber (GTR) particles originated from the recycling of postconsumer car tires were incorporated into a flexible foamed PU matrix as a cost-effective waste-based filler. A two-step prepolymer method of foams manufacturing was applied to maximize the potential of applied formulation changes. The impact of the GTR content on the foams' processing, chemical, and cellular structure, as well as static and dynamic mechanical properties, thermal stability, sound suppression ability, and thermal insulation performance, was investigated. The introduction of GTR caused a beneficial reduction in the average cell diameter, from 263.1 µm to 144.8-188.5 µm, implicating a 1.0-4.3% decrease in the thermal conductivity coefficient. Moreover, due to the excellent mechanical performance of the car tires-the primary application of GTR-the tensile performance of the foams was enhanced despite the disruption of the cellular structure resulting from the competitiveness between the hydroxyl groups of the applied polyols and on the surface of the GTR particles. The tensile strength and elongation at break were increased by 10 and 8% for 20 parts by weight GTR addition. Generally, the presented work indicates that GTR can be efficiently applied as a filler for flexible PU foams, which could simultaneously enhance their performance, reduce costs, and limit environmental impacts due to the application of waste-based material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Żukowska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Wojtasz
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Szczepański
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Roman Barczewski
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Barczewski M, Hejna A, Sałasińska K, Aniśko J, Piasecki A, Skórczewska K, Andrzejewski J. Thermomechanical and Fire Properties of Polyethylene-Composite-Filled Ammonium Polyphosphate and Inorganic Fillers: An Evaluation of Their Modification Efficiency. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122501. [PMID: 35746078 PMCID: PMC9230569 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new polymer compositions characterized by a reduced environmental impact while lowering the price for applications in large-scale production requires the search for solutions based on the reduction in the polymer content in composites' structure, as well as the use of fillers from sustainable sources. The study aimed to comprehensively evaluate introducing low-cost inorganic fillers, such as copper slag (CS), basalt powder (BP), and expanded vermiculite (VM), into the flame-retarded ammonium polyphosphate polyethylene composition (PE/APP). The addition of fillers (5-20 wt%) increased the stiffness and hardness of PE/APP, both at room and at elevated temperatures, which may increase the applicability range of the flame retardant polyethylene. The deterioration of composites' tensile strength and impact strength induced by the presence of inorganic fillers compared to the unmodified polymer is described in detail. The addition of BP, CS, and VM with the simultaneous participation of APP with a total share of 40 wt% caused only a 3.1, 4.6, and 3 MPa decrease in the tensile strength compared to the reference value of 23 MPa found for PE. In turn, the cone calorimeter measurements allowed for the observation of a synergistic effect between APP and VM, reducing the peak heat rate release (pHRR) by 60% compared to unmodified PE. Incorporating fillers with a similar thermal stability but differing particle size distribution and shape led to additional information on their effectiveness in changing the properties of polyethylene. Critical examinations of changes in the mechanical and thermomechanical properties related to the structure analysis enabled the definition of the potential application perspectives analyzed in terms of burning behavior in a cone calorimetry test. Adding inorganic fillers derived from waste significantly reduces the flammability of composites with a matrix of thermoplastic polymers while increasing their sustainability and lowering their price without considerably reducing their mechanical properties, which allows for assigning developed materials as a replacement for flame-retarded polyethylene in large-scale non-loaded parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (J.A.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.H.); (K.S.); Tel.: +48-61-647-58-58 (M.B.)
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.H.); (K.S.); Tel.: +48-61-647-58-58 (M.B.)
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowsa 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.H.); (K.S.); Tel.: +48-61-647-58-58 (M.B.)
| | - Joanna Aniśko
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (J.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Jacek Andrzejewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (J.A.); (J.A.)
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Sałasińska K, Cabulis P, Kirpluks M, Kovalovs A, Kozikowski P, Barczewski M, Celiński M, Mizera K, Gałecka M, Skukis E, Kalnins K, Cabulis U, Boczkowska A. The Effect of Manufacture Process on Mechanical Properties and Burning Behavior of Epoxy-Based Hybrid Composites. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15010301. [PMID: 35009447 PMCID: PMC8746176 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The production of hybrid layered composites allows comprehensive modification of their properties and adaptation to the final expectations. Different methods, such as hand lay-up, vacuum bagging, and resin infusion were applied to manufacture the hybrid composites. In turn, fabrics used for manufacturing composites were made of glass (G), aramid (A), carbon (C), basalt (B), and flax (F) fibers. Flexural, puncture impact behavior, and cone calorimetry tests were applied to establish the effect of the manufacturing method and the fabrics layout on the mechanical and fire behavior of epoxy-based laminates. The lowest flammability and smoke emission were noted for composites made by vacuum bagging (approximately 40% lower values of total smoke release compared with composites made by the hand lay-up method). It was demonstrated that multi-layer hybrid composites made by vacuum bagging might enhance the fire safety levels and simultaneously maintain high mechanical properties designed for, e.g., the railway and automotive industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Sałasińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.)
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowsa 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.C.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Peteris Cabulis
- Institute of Materials and Structures, Riga Technical University, 6b Kipsalas St., 1048 Riga, Latvia; (P.C.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., 1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.K.); (U.C.)
| | - Andrejs Kovalovs
- Institute of Materials and Structures, Riga Technical University, 6b Kipsalas St., 1048 Riga, Latvia; (P.C.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Paweł Kozikowski
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowsa 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Maciej Celiński
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowsa 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Kamila Mizera
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowsa 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (M.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Marta Gałecka
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Eduard Skukis
- Institute of Materials and Structures, Riga Technical University, 6b Kipsalas St., 1048 Riga, Latvia; (P.C.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Kaspars Kalnins
- Institute of Materials and Structures, Riga Technical University, 6b Kipsalas St., 1048 Riga, Latvia; (P.C.); (A.K.); (E.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., 1006 Riga, Latvia; (M.K.); (U.C.)
| | - Anna Boczkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.)
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Hamlaoui O, Klinkova O, Elleuch R, Tawfiq I. Effect of the Glass Fiber Content of a Polybutylene Terephthalate Reinforced Composite Structure on Physical and Mechanical Characteristics. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010017. [PMID: 35012040 PMCID: PMC8747468 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents the influences of glass fiber content on the mechanical and physical characteristics of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) reinforced with glass fibers (GF). For the mechanical characterization of the composites depending on the GF reinforcement rate, tensile tests are carried out. The results show that increasing the GF content in the polymer matrix leads to an increase in the stiffness of the composite but also to an increase in its brittleness. Scanning Electron Microscope analysis is performed, highlighting the multi-scale dependency on types of damage and macroscopic behavior of the composites. Furthermore, flammability tests were performed. They permit certifying the flame retardancy capacity of the electrical composite part. Additionally, fluidity tests are carried out to identify the flow behavior of the melted composite during the polymer injection process. Finally, the cracking resistance is assessed by riveting tests performed on the considered electrical parts produced from composites with different GF reinforcement. The riveting test stems directly from the manufacturing process. Therefore, its results accurately reflect the fragility of the material used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumayma Hamlaoui
- Laboratoire QUARTZ EA7393, ISAE-Supméca Institut Supérieur de Mécanique de Paris, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France; (O.H.); (I.T.)
- Laboratoire des Systèmes ElectroMécaniques (LASEM), Ecole Nationale D′Ingénieurs de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia;
| | - Olga Klinkova
- Laboratoire QUARTZ EA7393, ISAE-Supméca Institut Supérieur de Mécanique de Paris, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France; (O.H.); (I.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Riadh Elleuch
- Laboratoire des Systèmes ElectroMécaniques (LASEM), Ecole Nationale D′Ingénieurs de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia;
| | - Imad Tawfiq
- Laboratoire QUARTZ EA7393, ISAE-Supméca Institut Supérieur de Mécanique de Paris, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France; (O.H.); (I.T.)
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