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Styer J, Tunstall L, Landis A, Grenfell J. Innovations in pavement design and engineering: A 2023 sustainability review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33602. [PMID: 39055841 PMCID: PMC11269868 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Transportation infrastructure is essential to a nation's everyday life and economic activity. Accordingly, pavement design and engineering are imperative to ensure safe, comfortable, and efficient transportation of goods, services, and people across countries. Pavements should be designed to be adaptable to changing traffic inputs and environmental conditions and always strive to fulfill the requirements of the end-users, including safety, durability, comfort, efficiency, sustainability, and cost. This review highlights innovations in paving technologies with a focus on sustainability from a socio-technical perspective; the scope is meant to be comprehensive but not exhaustive. The discussion categorizes paving design and technology innovations into two high-level sections: 1) high-volume urban pavement innovations and 2) low-volume rural pavement innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Styer
- Department of Engineering Design and Society, Humanitarian Engineering and Science Program, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Lori Tunstall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Amy Landis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - James Grenfell
- Sustainable Infrastructure Materials, Australian Road Research Board, 80a Turner Street, Port Melbourne, VIC, 3207, Australia
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Mahmood F, Kashif Ur Rehman S, Jameel M, Riaz N, Javed MF, Salmi A, Awad YA. Self-Healing Bio-Concrete Using Bacillus subtilis Encapsulated in Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15217731. [PMID: 36363323 PMCID: PMC9656118 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For the creation of healable cement concrete matrix, microbial self-healing solutions are significantly more creative and potentially successful. The current study investigates whether gram-positive "Bacillus subtilis" (B. subtilis) microorganisms can effectively repair structural and non-structural cracks caused at the nano- and microscale. By creating an effective immobilization strategy in a coherent manner, the primary challenge regarding the viability of such microbes in a concrete mixture atmosphere has been successfully fulfilled. The iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized. The examined immobilizing medium was the iron oxide nanoparticles, confirmed using different techniques (XRD, SEM, EDX, TGA, and FTIR). By measuring the average compressive strength of the samples (ASTM C109) and evaluating healing, the impact of triggered B. subtilis bacteria immobilized on iron oxide nanoparticles was examined. The compressive strength recovery of cracked samples following a therapeutic interval of 28 days served as a mechanical indicator of the healing process. In order to accurately correlate the recovery performance as a measure of crack healing duration, the pre-cracking load was set at 80% of the ultimate compressive stress, or "f c," and the period of crack healing was maintained at 28 days. According to the findings, B. subtilis bacteria greatly enhanced the compressive strength and speed up the healing process in cracked cement concrete mixture. The iron oxide nanoparticles were proven to be the best immobilizer for keeping B. subtilis germs alive until the formation of fractures. The bacterial activity-driven calcite deposition in the generated nano-/micro-cracks was supported by micrographic and chemical investigations (XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Mahmood
- Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Kashif Ur Rehman
- Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Jameel
- Department of Civil Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia Riaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faisal Javed
- Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Abdelatif Salmi
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Alkharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssef Ahmed Awad
- Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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Abstract
The discovery of an innovative category of inorganic geopolymer composites has generated extensive scientific attention and the kaleidoscopic development of their applications. The escalating concerns over global warming owing to emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), a primary greenhouse gas, from the ordinary Portland cement industry, may hopefully be mitigated by the development of geopolymer construction composites with a lower carbon footprint. The current manuscript comprehensively reviews the rheological, strength and durability properties of geopolymer composites, along with shedding light on their recent key advancements viz., micro-structures, state-of-the-art applications such as the immobilization of toxic or radioactive wastes, digital geopolymer concrete, 3D-printed fly ash-based geopolymers, hot-pressed and foam geopolymers, etc. They have a crystal-clear role to play in offering a sustainable prospect to the construction industry, as part of the accessible toolkit of building materials—binders, cements, mortars, concretes, etc. Consequently, the present scientometric review manuscript is grist for the mill and aims to contribute as a single key note document assessing exhaustive research findings for establishing the viability of fly ash-based geopolymer composites as the most promising, durable, sustainable, affordable, user and eco-benevolent building materials for the future.
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Bacterial Performance in Crack Healing and its Role in Creating Sustainable Construction. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:6907314. [PMID: 35846576 PMCID: PMC9283063 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6907314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Building practices began with human civilization. Cement is the most commonly used building construction material throughout the world. These traditional building materials have their own environmental impact during production, transportation, and construction, but also have limitations on building quality and cost. Biological construction materials are currently emerging technology to combat emissions from the construction sector. Different civil and biotechnology researchers have turned to microorganisms for the production of bio construction materials that are environmentally friendly, socially acceptable, and economically feasible but can also produce high strength. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) are the most characterization methods used to observe and ensure the production of calcite precipitate as bacterial concrete. As compared to conventional concrete, bacterial concrete was greater by 35.15% in compressive strength, 24.32% in average tensile strength, and 17.24% in average flexural strength, and it was 4 times lower in water absorption and 8 times lower in acid resistivity than conventional concrete. Genetic engineering has great potential to further enhance the mechanical strength of bacterial concrete for use in crack repairs in existing buildings.
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Valorisation of Waste Glasses for the Development of Geopolymer Mortar—Properties and Applications: An Appraisal. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The current review paper studies the most noteworthy points in the fabrication of inorganic, eco-benign geopolymer mortar stressing the valorisation of Waste of Glasses (WG) about its properties and applications. Only a few studies are so far accessible on the topic, and therefore, more advanced studies in this respect will be valuable to construction industries and the research scientist, too. Mostly, the centre of attention on its valorisation with WG points a finger to its attitude to embrace the “conversion of wastes into best” strategy. Up until now, their character is neither well understood nor as embraced as OPC mortars. That is why this article reviews its confined literature with an aim to comprehend the valorisation of WG incorporation with geopolymer mortar, and it also reviews studies on its properties and applications, establishing it as a forthcoming constructive, productive, cost-effective, and sustainable large-scale construction material. The recommendations of this paper will be helpful for potential researchers on the topic. However, there are some challenges, such as curing impediments, occasionally practical antagonises of use, a restrained chain of supply, and a precondition for a sharp-eyed command of mixing design for preparing it for use in roadways to replace OPC counterparts in industry. When fabricated by employing abundantly available precursors, activators, and WG up to the standard superior control of varied properties, chiefly strength, durability, and the low-carbon footprints of alkali activators, GP mortars supplemented with WG are ground-breaking approaches to part of the prospect toolbox of sustainable and reasonably inexpensive construction materials. Finally, the paper identifies research work challenges, endorsement of utilisation, and most essentially the features of its properties and pertinent discussions for this promising new kind of valorised construction material.
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