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Leathers TA, Rogers CD. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and implications for the cyclooxygenase pathway in embryonic development. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C532-C539. [PMID: 36622071 PMCID: PMC9925163 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00430.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of analgesics that inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes, which drive tissue inflammation pathways. Caution should be exercised when taking these drugs during pregnancy as they increase the risk of developmental defects. Due to the high rates of NSAID use by individuals, possibilities for in utero exposure to NSAIDs are high, and it is vital that we define the potential risks these drugs pose during embryonic development. In this review, we characterize the identified roles of the cyclooxygenase signaling pathway components throughout pregnancy and discuss the effects of cyclooxygenase pathway perturbation on developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess A Leathers
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Crystal D Rogers
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
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Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a dynamic, multipotent, vertebrate-specific population of embryonic stem cells. These ectodermally-derived cells contribute to diverse tissue types in developing embryos including craniofacial bone and cartilage, the peripheral and enteric nervous systems and pigment cells, among a host of other cell types. Due to their contribution to a significant number of adult tissue types, the mechanisms that drive their formation, migration and differentiation are highly studied. NCCs have a unique ability to transition from tightly adherent epithelial cells to mesenchymal and migratory cells by altering their polarity, expression of cell-cell adhesion molecules and gaining invasive abilities. In this Review, we discuss classical and emerging factors driving NCC epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration, highlighting the role of signaling and transcription factors, as well as novel modifying factors including chromatin remodelers, small RNAs and post-translational regulators, which control the availability and longevity of major NCC players.
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Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Craniofacial Birth Defects. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10030027. [PMID: 35893122 PMCID: PMC9326658 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Khaire K, Verma U, Buch P, Patel S, Ranadive I, Balakrishnan S. Site-specific variation in the activity of COX-2 alters the pattern of wound healing in the tail and limb of northern house gecko by differentially regulating the expression of local inflammatory mediators. ZOOLOGY 2021; 148:125947. [PMID: 34333369 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of COX-2 induced PGE2 in the site-specific regulation of inflammatory mediators that facilitate disparate wound healing in the tail and limb of a lizard was studied by analysing their levels during various stages of healing. The activity of COX-2 and concentration of PGE2 surged during the early healing phase of tail along with the parallel rise in EP4 receptor. PGE2-EP4 interaction is corelated to early resolution (by 3 dpa) of inflammation by rising the antiinflammatory mediator IL-10. This likely causes reduction in proinflammatory mediators viz., iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17 and IL-22. Conversely, in the limb, COX-2 derived PGE2 likely causes rise in inflammation through EP2 receptor-based signalling, as all the proinflammatory mediators stay elevated through the course of healing (till 9 dpa), while expression of IL-10 is reduced. This study brings to light the novel roles of IL-17 and IL-22 in programming wound healing. As IL-17 reduces in tail, IL-22 behaves in reparative way, causing conducive environment for scar-free wound healing. On the contrary, synergic elevation of both IL-17 and Il-22 form a micro-niche suitable for scarred wound healing in limb, thus obliterating its regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashmira Khaire
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390001, Gujarat, India
| | - Urja Verma
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390001, Gujarat, India
| | - Pranav Buch
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390001, Gujarat, India
| | - Sonam Patel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390001, Gujarat, India
| | - Isha Ranadive
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390001, Gujarat, India
| | - Suresh Balakrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390001, Gujarat, India.
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