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Alkhouri N, Xia W, Ashley P, Young A. The effect of varying monocalcium phosphate and polylysine levels on dental composite properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 145:106039. [PMID: 37499523 PMCID: PMC11139660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to quantify effects of polylysine (PLS, 2 or 5 wt%) and monocalcium phosphate (MCP, 4 or 8 wt%) on properties of dental composites. METHODS Light-activated, lower surface polymerisation kinetics versus sample depth (1-4 mm) of 4 formulations were quantified using ATR-FTIR. Water sorption and solubility (at 1 week) were assessed following ISO/4049. PLS release (over 1 month) and biaxial flexural strength (over 6 months) of fully-cured, water-immersed, 1 mm thick discs were determined. Surface mineral precipitation, following immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), was assessed by SEM. Z250 was used as a conventional composite comparator. RESULTS With 40s light exposure, increasing depth (from 1 to 4 mm) led to enhanced delay before polymerisation (from 3 to 17s) and decreased final conversion (72-66%) irrespective of PLS and MCP level. Increasing PLS and MCP raised solubility (4-13 μg/mm3). Water sorption (between 32 and 55 μg/mm3) and final PLS release (8-13% of disc content) were raised primarily by increasing PLS. Higher PLS also reduced strength. Strength reached minimum values (69-94 MPa) at 3 months. Surface mineral deposition was enhanced by increased MCP. For Z250, polymerisation delays (3-6s) and final conversions (55-54%) at 1-4 mm depth, solubility (0 μg/mm3), water sorption (16 μg/mm3) and strength (180 MPa) were all significantly different. CONCLUSION Delay time increased whilst final conversion decreased with thicker samples. Higher PLS enhances its percentage release, but lower level is required to keep water sorption, solubility and mechanical properties within ISO 4049 recommendations. Doubling MCP raises solubility and enhances minerals reprecipitation with minimal mechanical property compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabih Alkhouri
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
| | - Wendy Xia
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Paul Ashley
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - Anne Young
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, NW3 2QG, UK
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Development and Physicochemical Characterization of Eugenia brejoensis Essential Oil-Doped Dental Adhesives with Antimicrobial Action towards Streptococcus mutans. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030149. [PMID: 36135584 PMCID: PMC9502856 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a multifactorial, biofilm-dependent infectious disease that develops when detrimental changes occur in the oral cavity microenvironment. The antimicrobial and antivirulence properties of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Eugenia brejoensis Mazine (EBEO) have been reported against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Herein, the antimicrobial action of EBEO towards Streptococcus mutans is reported, along with the development and characterization of dental adhesives doped with. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of EBEO were determined against S. mutans, while its toxicity was analyze using Tenebrio molitor larvae. EBEO (MIC and 10×MIC) was incorporated into the Ambar Advanced Polymerization System® (Ambar APS), a two-step total-etch adhesive system (FGM Dental Group), and the antibiofilm action was evaluated. The reflective strength, modulus of elasticity, degree of conversion, and maximum rate of polymerization of each adhesive were also determined. The MIC and MBC values of EBEO against S. mutans were 62.5 µg/mL. The tested concentrations of EBEO were non-toxic to T. molitor larvae. The formation of S. mutans biofilms was significantly inhibited by EBEO and EBEO-coated resin discs (p < 0.05). Importantly, EBEO incorporation did not affect the mechanical and physicochemical properties in relation to oil-free adhesive version. EBEO showed strong antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against S. mutans, no toxicity effect against T. molitor larvae, and did not jeopardize the physical-chemical properties tested.
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Chaichana W, Insee K, Chanachai S, Benjakul S, Aupaphong V, Naruphontjirakul P, Panpisut P. Physical/mechanical and antibacterial properties of orthodontic adhesives containing Sr-bioactive glass nanoparticles, calcium phosphate, and andrographolide. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6635. [PMID: 35459791 PMCID: PMC9033772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot lesions around orthodontic brackets are the major complication during fixed orthodontic treatment. This study prepared orthodontic adhesives for promoting mineral precipitation and reducing bacterial growth. Adhesives with added calcium phosphate monohydrate/Sr-bioactive glass nanoparticles (Sr/CaP) and andrographolide were prepared. The physical/mechanical and antibacterial properties of the adhesives were tested. The additives reduced the monomer conversion of the materials (62 to 47%). The addition of Sr/CaP and andrographolide increased the water sorption (from 23 to 46 μg/mm3) and water solubility (from 0.2 to 5.9 μg/mm3) but reduced the biaxial flexural strength (from 193 to 119 MPa) of the adhesives. The enamel bond strengths of the experimental adhesives (19–34 MPa) were comparable to that of the commercial material (p > 0.05). The Sr/CaP fillers promoted Ca, Sr, and P ion release and the precipitation of calcium phosphate at the debonded interface. An increase in the Sr/CaP concentration enhanced the inhibition of S. mutans by 18%, while the effect of andrographolide was not detected. The abilities of the adhesives to promote ion release, calcium phosphate precipitation, and the growth inhibition of cariogenic bacteria were expected to reduce the occurrence of white spot lesions. The additives reduced the physical/mechanical properties of the materials, but the corresponding values were within the acceptable range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wirinrat Chaichana
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanlaya Insee
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Supachai Chanachai
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sutiwa Benjakul
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Visakha Aupaphong
- Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Parichart Naruphontjirakul
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut 's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Piyaphong Panpisut
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand. .,Thammasat University Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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Chanachai S, Chaichana W, Insee K, Benjakul S, Aupaphong V, Panpisut P. Physical/Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of Orthodontic Adhesives Containing Calcium Phosphate and Nisin. J Funct Biomater 2021; 12:jfb12040073. [PMID: 34940552 PMCID: PMC8706961 DOI: 10.3390/jfb12040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel demineralization around orthodontic adhesive is a common esthetic concern during orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to prepare orthodontic adhesives containing monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) and nisin to enable mineralizing and antibacterial actions. The physicomechanical properties and the inhibition of S. mutans growth of the adhesives with added MCPM (5, 10 wt %) and nisin (5, 10 wt %) were examined. Transbond XT (Trans) was used as the commercial comparison. The adhesive containing a low level of MCPM showed significantly higher monomer conversion (42–62%) than Trans (38%) (p < 0.05). Materials with additives showed lower monomer conversion (p < 0.05), biaxial flexural strength (p < 0.05), and shear bond strength to enamel than those of a control. Additives increased water sorption and solubility of the experimental materials. The addition of MCPM encouraged Ca and P ion release, and the precipitation of calcium phosphate at the bonding interface. The growth of S. mutans in all the groups was comparable (p > 0.05). In conclusion, experimental orthodontic adhesives with additives showed comparable conversion but lesser mechanical properties than the commercial material. The materials showed no antibacterial action, but exhibited ion release and calcium phosphate precipitation. These properties may promote remineralization of the demineralized enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supachai Chanachai
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.C.); (K.I.); (S.B.)
| | - Wirinrat Chaichana
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.C.); (K.I.); (S.B.)
| | - Kanlaya Insee
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.C.); (K.I.); (S.B.)
| | - Sutiwa Benjakul
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.C.); (K.I.); (S.B.)
| | - Visakha Aupaphong
- Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Piyaphong Panpisut
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Bacterial Interactions with Dental and Medical Materials. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11040083. [PMID: 33238380 PMCID: PMC7711960 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Yaghmoor RB, Xia W, Ashley P, Allan E, Young AM. Effect of Novel Antibacterial Composites on Bacterial Biofilms. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11030055. [PMID: 32752201 PMCID: PMC7564959 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuing cariogenic bacterial growth demineralizing dentine beneath a composite filling is the most common cause of tooth restoration failure. Novel composites with antibacterial polylysine (PLS) (0, 4, 6, or 8 wt%) in its filler phase were therefore produced. Remineralising monocalcium phosphate was also included at double the PLS weight. Antibacterial studies involved set composite disc placement in 1% sucrose-supplemented broth containing Streptococcus mutans (UA159). Relative surface bacterial biofilm mass (n = 4) after 24 h was determined by crystal violet-binding. Live/dead bacteria and biofilm thickness (n = 3) were assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). To understand results and model possible in vivo benefits, cumulative PLS release from discs into water (n = 3) was determined by a ninhydrin assay. Results showed biofilm mass and thickness decreased linearly by 28% and 33%, respectively, upon increasing PLS from 0% to 8%. With 4, 6, and 8 wt% PLS, respectively, biofilm dead bacterial percentages and PLS release at 24 h were 20%, 60%, and 80% and 85, 163, and 241 μg/disc. Furthermore, initial PLS release was proportional to the square root of time and levelled after 1, 2, and 3 months at 13%, 28%, and 42%. This suggested diffusion controlled release from water-exposed composite surface layers of 65, 140, and 210 μm thickness, respectively. In conclusion, increasing PLS release initially in any gaps under the restoration to kill residual bacteria or longer-term following composite/tooth interface damage might help prevent recurrent caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan B. Yaghmoor
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering/Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, NW3 2QG, UK;
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, College of Dental Medicine, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wendy Xia
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London NW3 2QG, UK;
| | - Paul Ashley
- Unit of Paediatric Dentistry, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London WC1E 6DE, UK;
| | - Elaine Allan
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London NW3 2QG, UK;
| | - Anne M. Young
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London NW3 2QG, UK;
- Correspondence:
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