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Wang X, Ding T. A Review on the Current State of Microcapsule-Based Self-Healing Dental Composites. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:165. [PMID: 38921538 PMCID: PMC11204524 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15060165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Resin-based dental composites, commonly used in dentistry, offer several advantages including minimally invasive application, esthetically pleasing appearance, and good physical and mechanical properties. However, these dental composites can be susceptible to microcracks due to various factors in the complex oral environment. These microcracks can potentially lead to clinical restoration failure. Conventional materials and methods are inadequate for detecting and repairing these microcracks in situ. Consequently, incorporating self-healing properties into dental composites has become a necessity. Recent years have witnessed rapid advancements in self-healing polymer materials, drawing inspiration from biological bionics. Microcapsule-based self-healing dental composites (SHDCs) represent some of the most prevalent types of self-healing materials utilized in this domain. In this article, we undertake a comprehensive review of the most recent literature, highlighting key insights and findings related to microcapsule-based SHDCs. Our discussion centers particularly on the preparation techniques, application methods, and the promising future of self-healing microcapsules in the field of dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tian Ding
- School of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China;
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Yao S, Qin L, Ma L, Zhang X, Jiang H, Zhang J, Zhou C, Wu J. Novel antimicrobial and self-healing dental resin to combat secondary caries and restoration fracture. Dent Mater 2023; 39:1040-1050. [PMID: 37777432 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental resin composites have been the most popular materials for repairing tooth decay in recent years. However, secondary caries and bulk fracture are the major hurdles that affect the lifetime of dental resin composites. This current study synthesized a novel antimicrobial and self-healing dental resin containing nanoparticle-modified self-healing microcapsules to combat secondary caries and restoration fracture. METHODS Multifunctional dental resins containing 0-20% nanoparticle-modified self-healing microcapsules were prepared. The water contact angle, antimicrobial properties, mechanical properties, cell toxicity, and self-healing capability of the dental resins were tested. RESULTS A novel multifunctional dental resin was synthesized. When the microcapsule mass fraction was 10%, the resin presented a strong bacteriostasis rate (80.3%) and excellent self-healing efficiency (66.1%), while the hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, and cell toxicity were not affected. SIGNIFICANCE The novel antimicrobial self-healing dental resin is a promising candidate for use in clinical practice, which provides a simple and highly efficient strategy to combat secondary caries and restoration fracture. This novel dental resin also gives the inspiration to prolong the service life of dental restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yao
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ludan Qin
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - He Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chuanjian Zhou
- Research Institute of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Junling Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan 250012, China.
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Tavasolikejani S, Farazin A. Explore the most recent advancements in the domain of self-healing intelligent composites specifically designed for use in dentistry. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 147:106123. [PMID: 37742596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Dental composites are commonly utilized in dental treatments because they have the ability to preserve the natural appearance of teeth, are minimally invasive and conservative, and enhance the overall physical and mechanical attributes. Dental composites can experience damage, like small cracks, due to factors like temperature changes and physical strain, which can reduce their effectiveness. Detecting these tiny cracks in dental composites can be quite challenging, and in certain situations, it may even be impossible. In addition, it is not possible to repair these damages in situ by using conventional materials and methods. Therefore, the self-healing ability in dental composites is necessary. In recent years, the spontaneous repair of damages such as micro-cracking in dental composite materials has been developed without any type of human intervention and the replacement of new components. The most widely used approach to create self-healing dental composites involves encapsulating a healing agent within polymer shells and dispersing these microcapsules within the acrylate matrix of the dental composite. To assess the self-healing abilities of these composites, researchers can examine changes in their fracture toughness before and after the healing process using a test called the Single Edge V-notch beam test. In the present article we reviewed the latest findings in the field of self-healing intelligent composites for application in dentistry, and also in the present study, the studies on self-healing smart dental composites will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashkan Farazin
- Department of Solid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, P.O. Box 87317-53153, Kashan, Iran.
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Raptopoulos M, Fischer NG, Aparicio C. Implant surface physicochemistry affects keratinocyte hemidesmosome formation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1021-1030. [PMID: 36621832 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown hydrophilic/hydrophobic implant surfaces stimulate/hinder osseointegration. An analogous concept was applied here using common biological functional groups on a model surface to promote oral keratinocytes (OKs) proliferation and hemidesmosomes (HD) to extend implant lifespans through increased soft tissue attachment. However, it is unclear what physicochemistry stimulates HDs. Thus, common biological functional groups (NH2 , OH, and CH3 ) were functionalized on glass using silanization. Non-functionalized plasma-cleaned glass and H silanization were controls. Surface modifications were confirmed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle. The amount of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fibrinogen, and BSA thickness, were assessed to understand how adsorbed protein properties were influenced by physicochemistry and may influence HDs. OKs proliferation was measured, and HDs were quantified with immunofluorescence for collagen XVII and integrin β4. Plasma-cleaned surfaces were the most hydrophilic group overall, while CH3 was the most hydrophobic and OH was the most hydrophilic among functionalized groups. Modification with the OH chemical group showed the highest OKs proliferation and HD expression. The OKs response on OH surfaces appeared to not correlate to the amount or thickness of adsorbed model proteins. These results reveal relevant surface physicochemical features to favor HDs and improve implant soft tissue attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Raptopoulos
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicholas G Fischer
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Conrado Aparicio
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Basic and Translational Research Division, Department of Odontology, UIC Barcelona - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- IBEC - Institute for BIoengineering of Catalonia, BIST-Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
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Moreira AG, Cuevas-Suárez CE, Ribeiro JS, Maass JB, Piva E, de Moraes RR, Bottino MC, Lima GDS. Development of functional fillers as a self-healing system for dental resin composite. J Dent 2022; 127:104313. [PMID: 36208856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the incorporation of repairing capsules containing different monomers and polymerization modulators on the self-healing efficiency of an experimental photopolymerizable resin-based composite. METHODS Self-healing capsules containing different monomers and polymerization modulators were prepared by emulsion polymerization: TCDHEPT (TEGDMA and DHEPT), BTCDHEPT (Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, and DHEPT), and BTCBPO (Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, and BPO). The capsules were analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The capsules were added into experimental photopolymerizable resin composites establishing the following groups: ER (Control without capsules), ER+BPO, ER+BPO+TCDHEPT, and ER+BTCBPO+BTCDHEPT. Filtek Z350 resin composite (3 M ESPE) was used as a commercial reference. The materials were tested for degree of conversion (DC), flexural strength (σf), elastic modulus (Ef), fracture toughness (virgin KIC), self-healing efficiency (healed KIC), and roughness. For statistical analysis, the significance value was established at an a = 0.05 level. RESULTS When compared to the control material, the incorporation of repairing capsules did not affect DC, σf, and Ef. Fracture toughness was statistically similar between the experimental groups (p ≤ 0.05). Healed KIC was statistically different between the groups ER+TCDHEP and ER+BTCBPO+BTCDHEPT; the self-healing efficiency was higher for ER+TCDHEPT. Surface roughness was statistically similar among all groups. CONCLUSIONS The use of self-healing capsules promoted repair of the material. Studies with material aging after the self-healing process are necessary to better demonstrate the effectiveness of this system. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The self-healing system seemed to be a promising technology to be used in self-repaired restorative materials, which may prevent restoration fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Goicochea Moreira
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Silva Ribeiro
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Julianne Bartz Maass
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Evandro Piva
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ratto de Moraes
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marco Cícero Bottino
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Giana da Silveira Lima
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Towards the development of self-healing and antibacterial dental nanocomposites via incorporation of novel acrylic microcapsules. Dent Mater 2022; 38:858-873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yao S, Li T, Zhou C, Weir MD, Melo MAS, Tay FR, Lynch CD, Imazato S, Wu J, Xu HH. Novel antibacterial and therapeutic dental polymeric composites with the capability to self-heal cracks and regain mechanical properties. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Althaqafi KA, Satterthwaite J, Silikas N. A review and current state of autonomic self-healing microcapsules-based dental resin composites. Dent Mater 2020; 36:329-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang XX, Yao S, Zhou CJ, Wu JL. [Application and potential future directions of self-healing polymers in dentistry]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2020; 38:75-79. [PMID: 32037770 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-healing materials have rapidly developed in recent years to overcome the micro-cracks occurring in the polymer matrix. Self-healing ability offers autonomous crack repairs to prolong the service lives of polymers or polymer composites. As a main approach, extrinsic self-healing materials based on microcapsules have been applied in dentistry recently. This paper comprehensively presented and reviewed the definition and classification of self-healing materials, the synthesis of microcapsules, the calculation of self-healing efficiency, and the application of self-healing materials in dentistry. The future directions of self-healing polymers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Wang
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Shuo Yao
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chuan-Jian Zhou
- Research Institute of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Jun-Ling Wu
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan 250012, China
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Pratap B, Gupta RK, Bhardwaj B, Nag M. Resin based restorative dental materials: characteristics and future perspectives. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2019; 55:126-138. [PMID: 31687052 PMCID: PMC6819877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article compiles the characteristics of resin based dental composites and an effort is made to point out their future perspectives. Recent research studies along with few earlier articles were studied to compile the synthesis schemes of commonly used monomers, their characteristics in terms of their physical, mechanical and polymerization process with selectivity towards the input parameters of polymerization process. This review covers surface modification processes of various filler particles using silanes, wear behaviour, antimicrobial behaviour along with its testing procedures to develop the fundamental knowledge of various characteristics of resin based composites. In the end of this review, possible areas of further interests are pointed out on the basis of literature review on resin based dental materials.
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Key Words
- 4-EDMAB, Ethyl-4-dimethyl amino benzoate
- Antimicrobial properties
- BPA, Bisphenol-A
- BPO, Benzoyl peroxide
- Bis-EMA, Ethoxylatedbisphenol-A-dimethacrylate
- Bis-GMA, Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate
- CQ, Camphorquinone
- DC, Degree of conversion
- DHEPT, Dihydroxy ethyl-para-toluidine
- DMAEMA, Dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate
- DMAP, Dimethyl amino pyridine
- Dental composites
- EGDMA, Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
- HEMA, 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate
- LED, Light emitting diode
- PPD, 1-phenyl-1,2 propanedione
- PS, Polymerization Shrinkage
- RBCs, Resin based composites
- Self-healing
- Surface modification of filler particles
- TEG, Triethylene glycol
- TEGDMA, Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
- TPO, Diphenyl phosphine oxide
- UDMA, Urethane dimethacrylate
- Wear
- γ-MPS, 3-(Trimethoxysilyl) Propyl Methacrylate
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Pratap
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Ravi Kant Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Meetu Nag
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
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Melo MAS, Weir MD, Passos VF, Rolim JPM, Lynch CD, Rodrigues LKA, Xu HHK. Human In Situ Study of the effect of Bis(2-Methacryloyloxyethyl) Dimethylammonium Bromide Immobilized in Dental Composite on Controlling Mature Cariogenic Biofilm. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3443. [PMID: 30400188 PMCID: PMC6274706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cariogenic oral biofilms cause recurrent dental caries around composite restorations, resulting in unprosperous oral health and expensive restorative treatment. Quaternary ammonium monomers that can be copolymerized with dental resin systems have been explored for the modulation of dental plaque biofilm growth over dental composite surfaces. Here, for the first time, we investigated the effect of bis(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) dimethylammonium bromide (QADM) on human overlying mature oral biofilms grown intra-orally in human participants for 7⁻14 days. Seventeen volunteers wore palatal devices containing composite specimens containing 10% by mass of QADM or a control composite without QADM. After 7 and 14 days, the adherent biofilms were collected to determine bacterial counts via colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. Biofilm viability, chronological changes, and percentage coverage were also determined through live/dead staining. QADM composites caused a significant inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation for up to seven days. No difference in the CFU values were found for the 14-day period. Our findings suggest that: (1) QADM composites were successful in inhibiting 1⁻3-day biofilms in the oral environment in vivo; (2) QADM significantly reduced the portion of the S. mutans group; and (3) stronger antibiofilm activity is required for the control of mature long-term cariogenic biofilms. Contact-killing strategies using dental materials aimed at preventing or at least reducing high numbers of cariogenic bacteria seem to be a promising approach in patients at high risk of the recurrence of dental caries around composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne S Melo
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Vanara F Passos
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-355, Brazil.
| | | | - Christopher D Lynch
- Restorative Dentistry, University Dental School and Hospital, University College Cork, Wilton T12 K8AF, Ireland.
| | - Lidiany K A Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60430-355, Brazil.
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Zhou X, Wang S, Peng X, Hu Y, Ren B, Li M, Hao L, Feng M, Cheng L, Zhou X. Effects of water and microbial-based aging on the performance of three dental restorative materials. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 80:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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