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Messaoudi H, Ouergui I, Delleli S, Ballmann CG, Ardigò LP, Chtourou H. Acute effects of plyometric-based conditioning activity and warm-up music stimuli on physical performance and affective state in male taekwondo athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 5:1335794. [PMID: 38287965 PMCID: PMC10822913 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1335794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study assesses the acute effects of combining a plyometric-based conditioning activity (CA) with different musical stimuli during warm-up on taekwondo (TKD) performance and related psychological aspects. Methods In a randomized cross-over study design, 16 male TKD athletes (age: 19.94 ± 1.12 years) performed the TKD-specific agility test (TSAT), frequency speed of kick test (FSKT-10s) and its multiple version (FSKT-mult) under 7 experimental and one control condition. For the experimental conditions, participants experienced varying combinations of music selection process [self-selected (SSM) vs. pre-selected (PSM)], and music tempo [fast (F) vs. slow (S)], within preferred (PG) and non-preferred (NPG) music genre; all in the presence of a plyometric based-CA. Athletes were instructed to rate their perceived exertion (RPE) after each test and their felt arousal (FAS), feeling scale (FS), and motivation after testing completion. Results Findings showed that combining a plyometric-based CA with SSMPG at both fast and slow tempo improved TSAT, FSK-10s, FSKT-mult, FAS, motivation, and RPE post-TSAT greater than the other conditions (all p < 0.05). Additionally, FSSMPG combined with CA improved FS, and RPE after both FSKT-10s and FSKT-mult better than the other conditions (all p < 0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, listening to fast self-selected music from a preferred genre in combination with a plyometric-based CA during warm-up setups an individualized warm-up strategy and serves to improve the subsequent specific performances and the related psychological aspects in TKD athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Messaoudi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport and Health, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ibrahim Ouergui
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Sports Science, Health and Movement, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Slaheddine Delleli
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport and Health, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport and Health, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
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Svoboda SM, Kostrna J. Effects of tempo of self-selected music on isokinetic strength performance and psychological outcomes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14487. [PMID: 37702552 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Substantial research has supported using musical stimuli as an ergogenic aid before and during various forms of exercise. Researchers have demonstrated that music shifts attention from associative to dissociative, decreases perceived effort and discomfort, and increases arousal and pleasantness in longer-duration, low-to-moderate-intensity exercises. Strength training is shorter in duration and higher in intensity than aerobic or muscular endurance training. Limited research has examined the effects of music on strength performance and psychological outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the tempo of self-selected music on isokinetic knee extension and flexion performance, effort, discomfort, attention, arousal, and pleasantness in resistance-trained young adults. Thirty resistance-trained college-aged adults completed three exercise testing sessions. In a randomized, counterbalanced order, a repeated measures design was used to expose the participants to three conditions (fast music, slow music, and no music). The Biodex isokinetic dynamometer and standardized psychological Likert-style scales were used to measure concentric maximum effort knee extension and flexion torque at 60°/s and psychological variables, respectively. This study found that music improves knee extension torque but not knee flexion in resistance-trained young adults. In addition, music or the tempo of music did not influence any psychological outcomes during isokinetic strength testing. Therefore, listening to music is not detrimental to performance or psychological outcomes, but this study provides minimal support for music's use as an ergogenic aid during strengthening exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Svoboda
- Department of Teaching and Learning, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jason Kostrna
- Department of Teaching and Learning, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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Rogers RR, Beardsley KG, Cumbie PE, Ballmann CG. Ammonia Inhalants Enhance Psychophysiological Responses and Performance During Repeated High Intensity Exercise. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:1035-1041. [PMID: 36036823 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Ammonia inhalants (NH3) are anecdotally used in competition by athletes for their purported stimulant effects. However, evidence on the efficacy of NH3 is conflicting, and little to no studies to date have investigated its effect on repeated exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of NH3 on psychophysiological responses and performance during repeated high-intensity exercise. Methods: In a counterbalanced crossover design, physically active females completed two repeated high-intensity sprint trials with a different treatment: Control (CON; water) or Ammonia Inhalants (NH3; 0.33 cc). For each trial, participants completed 3 × 15s Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnT) separated by 2 min of active recovery. Prior to each WAnT, participants took a single 3-s inhale of the corresponding treatment. After the succession of each WAnT, heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were documented. Subjective feelings of alertness and "psyched up" energy were measured using a visual analog scale. Trials were separated by at least 48 hr. Results: The results indicate that over the WAnTs, mean power (p = .017) and peak power (p = .006) were significantly higher with NH3 compared to CON despite a lack of changes in fatigue index (p = .928). HR (p = .101) and RPE (p = .897) were not different with varying treatments. Perceived alertness (p = .010) and psyched-up energy (p = .002) were significantly higher with NH3 versus CON. Conclusion: These findings provide empirical support for the use of NH3 to improve repeated high-intensity exercise performance in females that may be underpinned by alterations in subjective alertness and energy.
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Delleli S, Ouergui I, Messaoudi H, Ballmann CG, Ardigò LP, Chtourou H. Effects of caffeine consumption combined with listening to music during warm-up on taekwondo physical performance, perceived exertion and psychological aspects. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292498. [PMID: 37871019 PMCID: PMC10593230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of caffeine (CAF) and music have been well documented when used separately, but their combined effects are not yet studied. Thus, the present study assessed the acute effects of combining a low dose of CAF with listening to music during warm-up on taekwondo physical performance, perceived exertion (RPE), and psychological responses during taekwondo-specific tasks in male elite athletes. In a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study design, male taekwondo athletes (n = 16; age: 18.25 ± 0.75 years) performed the taekwondo-specific agility test (TSAT), 10 s frequency speed of kick test (FSKT-10s) and the multiple version of FSKT (FSKT-mult) under the following conditions: 1) CAF without music (CAF+NoM), 2) placebo (PL) without music (PL+NoM), 3) CAF with music (CAF+M), 4) PL with music (PL+M), 5) no supplement with music (NoS+M) and no supplement without music (control). RPE, feeling scale (FS), felt arousal scale (FAS) and physical enjoyment (PACES) were determined after each test. Findings showed the CAF+M condition induced better performances than other conditions for TSAT, FSKT-10s, FSKT-mult, RPE, FAS and FS and PACES post FSKT-10s (all p<0.05). Moreover, CAF+M resulted in better responses than other conditions for PACES post TSAT (p<0.05) with the exception of CAF+NoM. Likewise, CAF+M condition induced better physical enjoyment than PL+NoM, NoS+M and PL+M conditions post FSKT-mult (p<0.05). Combining low dose of CAF with music during warm-up was an effective strategy that induced greater effects than their isolated use during taekwondo specific tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaheddine Delleli
- Research Unit, Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ibrahim Ouergui
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
- Research Unit, Sports Science, Health and Movement, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Messaoudi
- Research Unit, Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Research Unit, Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Rogers RR, Williams TD, Nester EB, Owens GM, Ballmann CG. The Influence of Music Preference on Countermovement Jump and Maximal Isometric Performance in Active Females. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010034. [PMID: 36976131 PMCID: PMC10051532 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that listening to preferred music during resistance and endurance exercises improves performance. However, it is unknown if these phenomena translate to short-duration explosive exercises. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of preferred and non-preferred music on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), and psychological responses to music during explosive movements. Physically active females (age 18-25) volunteered to take part in the study. In a counterbalanced, crossover design, participants completed three trials: (1) no music (NM), (2) non-preferred (NP), and (3) preferred (PV) music. Participants completed three maximal IMTP tests on a force-plate-equipped IMTP apparatus with an immovable bar. Attempts lasted 5 s and were separated by 3 min of rest. Furthermore, participants completed three single maximal CMJ attempts separated by 3 min of rest on force plates. All attempts were averaged for analysis. At the commencement of IMTP and CMJ testing, participants were asked to rate how motivated and psyched up they felt during the exercise portion using a visual analog scale. For isometric performance, listening to PM resulted in increased peak force (p = 0.039; d = 0.41) and rate of force development at 200 ms (p = 0.023; d = 0.91) compared with NP. For CMJ, there were no differences between conditions for jump height (p = 0.912; η2 = 0.007) or peak power during the propulsive phase (p = 0.460; η2 = 0.003). Levels of motivation were significantly higher with PM compared with NM (p < 0.001; d = 2.3) and NP (p = 0.001; d = 2.0). Feelings of being psyched up were significantly higher with PM compared with NM (p < 0.001; d = 4.2) and NP (p = 0.001; d = 2.8). Findings suggest that preferred music enhances isometric strength and increases motivation and feelings of being psyched up. Thus, PM may be used as an ergogenic aid during short-duration maximal-effort activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Rogers
- Center for Engagement in Disability Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (CEDHARS), School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 3810 Ridgeway, Birmingham, AL 35209, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA
| | - Tyler D Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA
| | - Emma B Nester
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA
| | - Grace M Owens
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA
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Jebabli N, Ben Aabderrahman A, Boullosa D, Chtourou H, Ouerghi N, Rhibi F, Govindasamy K, Saeidi A, Clark CCT, Granacher U, Zouhal H. Listening to music during a repeated sprint test improves performance and psychophysiological responses in healthy and physically active male adults. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:21. [PMID: 36810282 PMCID: PMC9945598 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well-documented that listening to music has the potential to improve physical performance during intense physical exercise. Less information is available on the timing of music application. This study aimed to investigate the effects of listening to preferred music during the warm up of a subsequent test or during the test on performance of repeated sprint sets (RSS) in adult males. METHODS In a randomized cross-over design, 19 healthy males (age, 22.1 ± 1.2 years; body mass, 72.7 ± 9.3 kg; height, 1.79 ± 0.06 m; BMI, 22.6 ± 2.2 kg m-2) performed a test including 2 sets of 5*20-m repeated-sprints under one of three conditions: listening to preferred music during the test; listening to preferred music during the warm-up; or not listening to music. The assessed parameters comprised RSS performance indices, blood lactate, heart rate, the pacing strategy profile, rating of perceived exertion, and a feeling scale. RESULTS For performance indices during set 1 of the RSS test, we found a significant decrease in total sum sequence, fast time index and fatigue index in the listening to preferred music condition compared to the no music condition (total sum sequence: p = 0.006, d = 0.93; fast time index: p = 0.003, d = 0.67; fatigue index: p < 0.001; d = 1.30) and the listening to preferred music during the warm-up condition (fast time index: p = 0.002; d = 1.15; fatigue index: p = 0.006; d = 0.74). However, there was no significant effect of listening to preferred music on physical performance during set 2 of the RSS test. Compared to the no music condition, blood lactate concentrations were higher in the listening to preferred music during the test condition (p = 0.025; d = 0.92). In addition, listening to preferred music appears not to have an effect on heart rate, the pacing strategy profile, perceived exertion, and affective responses before, during and after the RSS test. CONCLUSION Findings from this study revealed that RSS performances were better (FT and FI indices) in the PMDT compared with the PMWU condition. Moreover, in set 1 of the RSS test, better RSS indices were found in the PMDT compared to NM condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhal Jebabli
- Research Unit: Sport Sciences, Health and Movement, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, UR22JS01, University of Jendouba, 7100, Kef, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | | | - Daniel Boullosa
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nejmeddine Ouerghi
- Research Unit: Sport Sciences, Health and Movement, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, UR22JS01, University of Jendouba, 7100, Kef, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Rhibi
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Karuppasamy Govindasamy
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France.
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2IS), 35850, Irodouer, France.
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Henry DB, Pemberton AL, Rogers RR, Ballmann CG. A Matter of Taste: Roles of Taste Preference on Performance and Psychological Responses during Anaerobic Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3730. [PMID: 36834425 PMCID: PMC9964433 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Various tastes including sweet, bitter, and sour have been shown to differentially influence physiological and psychological processes. Furthermore, ingestion of bitter and sweet solutions has been shown to acutely enhance exercise performance. However, the taste is highly individualized, and it is unclear if preference influences the ergogenic potential of taste. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of preferred and non-preferred drink tastes on anaerobic performance and psychological responses thereof. Physically active females participated in two counterbalanced sprint trials each with a different condition: (1) non-preferred taste (NPT), (2) Preferred taste (PT). Participants self-reported taste preferences (sweet, sour, bitter) with the highest-ranked taste being used for the PT condition and the lowest-ranked for NPT. For each visit, participants completed a 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) prior to (PRE) ingestion of ~20 mL of their NP or PREF taste. Following ingestion, participants completed 2 min of active recovery, rated their taste preference of the solution, and completed another 15 s WAnT. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE), motivation, and enjoyment were measured through a visual analog scale following each WAnT. Anaerobic performance measures and heart rate (HR) were also obtained at the succession of each WAnT. Findings revealed no differences between taste conditions for mean power (p = 0.455), peak power (p = 0.824), or HR (p = 0.847). RPE was significantly lower with PT versus NPT (p = 0.006). Exercise enjoyment (p = 0.022) was higher with PT compared to NPT. NPT resulted in worse motivation compared to PRE (p = 0.001) while no changes were observed between PT and PRE (p = 0.197). These findings suggest that preferred drink taste may not enhance acute performance but improves psychological responses to maximal anaerobic exercise which may have implications for improving exercise training and adherence.
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Bentouati E, Romdhani M, Khemila S, Chtourou H, Souissi N. The Effects of Listening to Non-preferred or Self-Selected Music during Short-Term Maximal Exercise at Varied Times of Day. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:539-554. [PMID: 36458504 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221142662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation, we examined the effects of listening to non-preferred (neutral) or self-selected motivational music while warming-up for the Wingate test at varied times of day. Participants were 10 male physical education students who were randomly assigned in a counterbalanced order to perform the Wingate test after a 10-minute warm-up with (a) self-selected motivational music (WUMM), (b) non-preferred music (WUNPM) or (c) no music (WUWM) at morning (0700) or afternoon (1700) times of day. We measured their peak powers (PP) and mean powers (MP) during the Wingate test, and we measured their ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) immediately after each of the warm-up and Wingate performances. PP and MP were higher in the afternoon, compared to the morning for all conditions. Both WUNPM and WUMM conditions were associated with enhanced PP in the morning (WUNPM: p < 0.001, d = 1.82; WUMM: p < 0.001, d = 2.59) and in the afternoon (WUNPM: p < 0.001, d = 1.24; WUMM: p < 0.01, d = 1.76) compared to WUWM, with greater enhancements after WUMM (0700: p < 0.05, d = 0.77; 1700: p < 0.05, d = 0.81) than after WUNPM. After the Wingate test, participants reported lower RPE scores for the WUMM condition, compared to either the WUWM condition (0700: p < 0.001, d = 0.20; 1700: p < 0.001, d = 0.84) or the WUNPM condition (0700: p < 0.01, d = 0.10; 1700: p < 0.05, d = 0.79). Thus, a warm-up with self-selected motivational music improved muscle power and decreased perceived exertion at both time points, with greater improvements at the morning hour (0700).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Bentouati
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ringgold: 479815Manouba University, Tunisia.,Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, Ringgold: 590940National Observatory of Sports, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Romdhani
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, Ringgold: 590940National Observatory of Sports, Tunisia.,Motricité-Interactions-Performance, MIP, UR4334, Ringgold: 173545Le Mans Université, France
| | - Syrine Khemila
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ringgold: 479815Manouba University, Tunisia.,Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, Ringgold: 590940National Observatory of Sports, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, Ringgold: 590940National Observatory of Sports, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, 479822University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nizar Souissi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ringgold: 479815Manouba University, Tunisia.,Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, Ringgold: 590940National Observatory of Sports, Tunisia
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Maloney SJ. Engage, Enthuse, Empower: A Framework for Promoting Self-Sufficiency in Athletes. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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Grgic J. Effects of Music on Resistance Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Filho RAA, Oliveira JJG, Zovico PVC, Rica RL, Barbosa WA, Machado AF, Evangelista AL, Costa EC, Bergamin M, Baker JS, Bocalini DS. Effects of music on psychophysiological responses during high intensity interval training using body weight exercises. Physiol Behav 2022; 255:113931. [PMID: 35907471 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of music in exercise sessions is considered an interesting strategy as it facilitates, through motivation, an improvement in physical performance, as well as a reduction in the subjective perception of effort and an improvement in mood. Such factors are important for the maintenance of physical exercise programs, however, considering high intensity interval training, the effects of music remain inconclusive. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of music during high intensity interval training sessions using body weight (HIIT-B) on the physiological parameters and mood state of adults. METHODS 11 CrossFit male practitioners were randomly submitted to three sessions of HIIT-C under the following experimental conditions: preference music (PM), non-preference music (nPM) and without music (WM). The HIIT-B protocol consisted of 20 sets of 30 seconds of stimulus using maximal intensities followed by 30 seconds of passive recovery. The following exercises were used: jumping jacks, burpee, mountain climbing and squat jumping. The following parameters were analyzed: heart rate (HR), lactate (La), total amount of movements (TAM), affective response (AR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and recovery (RPR) and mood states. RESULTS although an increase (p< 0.05) of HR, RPE and La reduction of RPR was found after performing the HIIT session, no differences were found between the three conditions to these parameters. The nPM condition promoted lower (p< 0.001) TAM compared to the WM and PM conditions, which also differed from each other. However, for AR, a music effect was found among the protocols (p< 0.0001), indicating that the PM session promoted an increase in pleasure, unlike WM and nPM session which provided pleasure reduction and displeasure respectively. The WM session did not promote any changes. There were no main effects on time for depression and anger, which were different for vigor, fatigue, mental confusion, tension and mood disturbance. Additionally, differences were found after session to tension (p= 0.0229), vigor (p= 0.0424) and fatigue (p= 0.0400) for PM condition, vigor (p= 0.0424), fatigue (p= 0.0400) mental confusion (p= 0.0302) and mood disturbance (p= 0.0129) and vigor (p= 0.0363) and fatigue (p= 0.0468) to WM conditions. CONCLUSION Listening to preferred music during an 'all out' HIIT-B session increases exercise performance and elicits more positive affective responses in recreationally active adult males, despite similar HR, blood lactate, RPE and fatigue compared to nonpreferred music or no-music.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo A Allocca Filho
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Physical Education and Sport Center of Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Jonathan J G Oliveira
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Physical Education and Sport Center of Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Paulo Vinicios C Zovico
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Physical Education and Sport Center of Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Roberta L Rica
- Department of Physical Education, Estacio de Sá University, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Welmo A Barbosa
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Physical Education and Sport Center of Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F Machado
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Physical Education and Sport Center of Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L Evangelista
- Master Program in Assessment and Intervention of Physical and Functional Performance, Ibirapuera University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Costa
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, RN, Brazil
| | - Marco Bergamin
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Julien S Baker
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Danilo S Bocalini
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Physical Education and Sport Center of Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
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Effects of Music Volume Preference on Endurance Exercise Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7020035. [PMID: 35645297 PMCID: PMC9149878 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of preferred versus non-preferred music volume on relative power output, trial time to completion (TTC), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and motivation during endurance rowing exercise. Physically active females (age 18−25) volunteered to participate. In a crossover counterbalanced design, participants completed two trials: non-preferred (NPV) and preferred (PV) music volume. Participants began with a rowing warm-up at 50% of HRmax for 5 min. Following this, participants completed a 2000 m rowing time trial as quickly as possible. Relative power output, HR, and RPE were documented each minute during the exercise bout. TTC and motivation levels were documented at the cessation of exercise. Results showed that there were no significant differences between NPV and PV for relative power output (p = 0.287; d = 0.17), TTC (p = 0.816; d = 0.01), and HR (p = 0.956; d = 0.08). However, RPE was significantly lower (p = 0.002; d = 0.86) and motivation was significantly higher (p < 0.001; d = 2.14) during the PV condition versus NPV. Findings suggest that while PV does not impart performance-enhancing effects during endurance exercise compared to NPV, it may improve psychological responses related to intensity and effort which could have important implications for enduring intense exercise and training.
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Greco F, Grazioli E, Cosco LF, Parisi A, Bertollo M, Emerenziani GP. The effects of music on cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular fitness in recreationally active individuals: a narrative review. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13332. [PMID: 35480560 PMCID: PMC9037123 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Music is made up of several features (e.g., melody and rhythm) and it accompanies our life in different daily activities. During the last years, there was a growing interest in research about the music-related effects in the exercise domain. Music stimuli could act as an ergogenic effect leading to improvements in health-related and physical fitness components like cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular fitness. Moreover, listening to music may positively affect individuals' psychological state which could lead to increased exercise adherence. Conflicting data exist regarding the effects of music on cardiorespiratory and muscle-strengthening exercises indicating that music's characteristics (i.e., rhythm and musicality), studied samples (i.e., athletes and amateur) and methodology (i.e., self-selected music and research-selected music) might influence the results. Listening to music while exercising is becoming more frequent also in recreationally active individuals. While literature mainly focused on the effects of music in elite and amateur athletes, little data are available regarding recreationally active participants. Therefore, this review aims to summarize evidence regarding the effects of music on health-related physical fitness components in recreationally active individuals, specifically referring to cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular fitness. These outcomes will be helpful to all recreationally active participants to optimize the exercise protocol with the use of music.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Greco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy,Department of Human Movement Sciences and Health, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Grazioli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy,Department of Human Movement Sciences and Health, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Loretta Francesca Cosco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Attilio Parisi
- Department of Human Movement Sciences and Health, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bertollo
- Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gian Pietro Emerenziani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
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Effects of Interactive Music Tempo with Heart Rate Feedback on Physio-Psychological Responses of Basketball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084810. [PMID: 35457676 PMCID: PMC9032355 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces an interactive music tempo control with closed-loop heart rate feedback to yield a sportsperson with better physio-psychological states. A total of 23 participants (13 men, 10 women; 16−32 years, mean = 20.04 years) who are professionals or school team members further guide a sportsperson to amend their physical tempo to harmonize their psychological and physical states. The self-tuning mechanism between the surroundings and the human can be amplified using interactive music tempo control. The experiments showed that listening to interactive music had a significant effect on the heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of the basketball player compared to those listening to asynchronous music or no music during exercise (p < 0.01). Synchronized interactive music allows athletes to increase their heart rate and decrease RPE during exercise and does not require a multitude of preplanned playlists. All self-selected songs can be converted into sports-oriented music using algorithms. The algorithms of synchronous and asynchronous modes in this study can be adjusted and applied to other sports fields or recovery after exercise. In the future, other musical parameters should be adjusted in real-time based on physiological signals, such as tonality, beats, chords, and orchestration.
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Lehman JT, Whitmire BG, Rogers RR, Williams TD, Ballmann CG. Effects of Respite Music on Repeated Upper-body Resistance Exercise Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:79-87. [PMID: 36896024 PMCID: PMC9987432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of self-selected respite music on upper-body resistance exercise performance. In a crossover, counterbalanced study design, resistance-trained males (n = 10) participated in two bench press trials each with a different condition: 1) No music (NM), 2) Listening to respite music (RM; i.e. during rest periods). Following a warm-up, participants completed 3 sets × repetitions to failure (RTF) at 75% of 1-RM separated by 2 minutes of rest. During the 2-minute rest, participants either listened to NM or RM until the next subsequent set. A linear position transducer was used to measure mean barbell velocity during the first 3 repetitions and averaged for analysis. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and motivation were obtained after each set. Results indicate that mean velocity was higher during set 2 (p = 0.009; d = 1.34) and set 3 (p = 0.048; d = 0.95) while listening to RM versus NM. Furthermore, motivation was significantly higher following set 2 (p = 0.005; d = 1.15) and set 3 (p < 0.001; d = 1.79) while listening to RM compared to NM. No changes in RTF or RPE were noted between conditions (p > 0.05). These findings indicate listening to music during recovery may enhance subsequent explosive resistance performance and suggest that listening to music in between bouts of maximal effort could be an effective tool for optimizing performance during competition or training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca R Rogers
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tyler D Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Meglic CE, Orman CM, Rogers RR, Williams TD, Ballmann CG. Influence of Warm-Up Music Preference on Anaerobic Exercise Performance in Division I NCAA Female Athletes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6030064. [PMID: 34449658 PMCID: PMC8395765 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of listening to preferred versus non-preferred warm-up music on anaerobic sprint performance in Division I NCAA female athletes. Female collegiate athletes (n = 14) were recruited for this study. In a counterbalanced, crossover study design, participants completed two separate visits, each with a different warm-up music condition: preferred (Pref) or non-preferred (Non-pref). During each visit, participants completed a 3 min standardized cycling warm-up at 50 Watts while listening to Pref or Non-pref music. Following this, participants completed 3 × 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnTs) with a 2 min active recovery period in between tests. Motivation to exercise was measured immediately following the warm-up (WU), WAnT1, WAnT2, and WAnT3. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was also measured after each WAnT. Each visit was separated by a minimal recovery period of 48 h. Mean power, total work, RPE, and motivation were analyzed. Mean power (p = 0.044; d = 0.91) and total work (p = 0.045; d = 0.78) were significantly higher during the Pref music condition versus Non-pref. RPE remained unchanged regardless of condition (p = 0.536; d = 0.01). Motivation was significantly higher with Pref warm-up music compared to Non-pref (p < 0.001; d = 1.55). These results show that listening to Pref warm-up music has an ergogenic benefit during repeated sprints in comparison to Non-pref music and improves motivation to exercise. Listening to warm-up music prior to high-intensity repeated exercise may aid in optimizing performance and training in collegiate athletes.
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Effects of Short-Term Golden Root Extract ( Rhodiola rosea) Supplementation on Resistance Exercise Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136953. [PMID: 34209617 PMCID: PMC8297178 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short-term Golden Root Extract (GRE; Rhodiola rosea) supplementation on blood lactate, catecholamines, and performance during repeated bench press exercise. Resistance-trained males (n = 10) participated in this study. In a double-blinded, crossover, counterbalanced study design, participants supplemented with either 1500 mg/day of GRE or placebo (PL; gluten-free cornstarch) for 3 days prior to experimentation. An additional 500 mg dose was ingested 30 min prior to exercise testing. During each exercise trial, participants completed 2 repetitions of bench press at 75% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) as explosively as possible. A linear position transducer was used to measure mean concentric velocity. After 5 min of rest, participants completed 3 sets × repetitions to failure (RTF) at 75% 1RM separated by 2 min of rest between each set. A capillary blood sample was obtained pre- (PRE) and immediately post- (POST) exercise to measure blood concentrations lactate (LA), epinephrine (EPI), and norepinephrine (NE). Mean concentric velocity was significantly higher with GRE when compared to PL (p = 0.046). However, total RTF were significantly lower with GRE versus PL (p < 0.001). Regardless of treatment, LA was significantly higher Post versus Pre (p < 0.001), but GRE resulted in greater Post values compared to PL (p = 0.049). EPI and NE increased in both conditions Pre to Post (p < 0.001). However, Pre NE was significantly higher with GRE versus PL (p = 0.008). Findings indicate that short-term GRE supplementation increases mean bench press velocity but decreases bench press repetition volume. Furthermore, GRE resulted in higher NE levels and blood lactate following exercise. Thus, supplementing with GRE may enhance explosive resistance training performance but may also impair upper body strength-endurance.
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The Influence of Music Preference on Exercise Responses and Performance: A Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6020033. [PMID: 33917781 PMCID: PMC8167645 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Listening to music has been repeatedly shown to have ergogenic benefits during various modes of exercise, including endurance, sprint, and resistance-based activities. Music is commonly incorporated into training regimens by recreational exercisers and competitive athletes alike. While specific modalities of exercise elicit varying physiological responses, listening to music has been shown to modulate many of these responses (i.e., heart rate, catecholamines, muscle activation) often leading to improved performance. Furthermore, listening to music during exercise may positively impact psychological (i.e., mood, motivation) and psychophysiological (i.e., rate of perceived exertion, arousal) changes, which may allow for favorable responses during an exercise challenge. However, there is mixed evidence regarding music's efficacy, which may be mediated through differences in music selection and preference. Emerging evidence has shown that, whether an individual prefers or does not prefer the music they are listening to during exercise greatly influences their ergogenic potential in addition to physiological, psychological, and psychophysiological responses to exercise. From a practical standpoint, music may be controlled by the individual through headphones but is often played communally over speakers in locker rooms, gyms, and health clubs, which may have consequences on performance and training. The following review will describe the physiological, psychological, and psychophysiological responses to exercise while listening to music and how music preference may particularly alter them. Current knowledge and new evidence on how music preference factors into enhancing performance in various modes of exercise will be further discussed, incorporating practical considerations for individuals and practitioners in real-world applications to optimize performance.
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Ballmann CG, Favre ML, Phillips MT, Rogers RR, Pederson JA, Williams TD. Effect of Pre-Exercise Music on Bench Press Power, Velocity, and Repetition Volume. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1183-1196. [PMID: 33722102 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211002406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of listening to pre-exercise music on bench press performance. We recruited 10 resistance trained males (M age= 22.8, SD = 5.8 years; M height= 173.7, SD = 8.3 cm; M body mass = 81.0, SD = 18.2 kg) for this crossover counterbalanced research design. Participants completed two bench press exercise trials of (a) No music (NM), and (b) Pre-exercise music (PreExM) separated by at least 48 hours. For each trial, following a warm-up, participants listened to music or no music for three minutes. After this 3-minute period, they completed one set of bench press repetitions with maximum explosive intent at 75% one repetition maximum (1 RPM). We used a rotary encoder to measure power and velocity of barbell movement. After a 3-minute rest during which they again listened to music or no music, participants completed another set of repetitions to failure (RTF) at 75% of 1RM. Immediately following this second set of repetitions, we measured exercise motivation with a visual analog scale (VAS). We found that the PreExM condition increased mean power output (p = 0.005; d = 0.792) and barbell velocity (p = 0.015; d = 0.722). RTF were significantly higher during the PreExM versus NM trial (p = 0.002; d = 0.985), and motivation was significantly higher in the PreExM trial versus NM (p = 0.001; d = 0.932). These findings suggest improved muscle power explosiveness and strength-endurance when listening to music before a bench press exercise. From a practical standpoint, athletes who have the option of listening to music immediately prior to resistance exercise may benefit from its use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mason L Favre
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Matthew T Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Rebecca R Rogers
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Joseph A Pederson
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Tyler D Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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Sex Differences in Response to Listening to Self-Selected Music during Repeated High-Intensity Sprint Exercise. SEXES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sexes2010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine possible sex differences in high-intensity exercise performance, fatigue, and motivational responses to exercise while listening to music. Physically active males and females (ages 18–24) were recruited to participate. Participants completed two separate repeated sprint exercise trials each with a different condition: (1) no music (NM) (2) self-selected music (SSM). During each trial, participants completed 3 × 15 s Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnTs) while listening to NM or SSM separated by 2 min of active recovery. Following each WAnT, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and motivation to exercise were assessed. Relative power output, fatigue index, RPE, and motivation were analyzed. There were no significant sex differences for relative power between music conditions (p = 0.228). Fatigue index was significantly lower in females while listening to SSM (p = 0.032) versus NM while no differences were observed for males (p = 0.246). RPE was lower while listening to SSM versus NM in females (p = 0.020), but not for males (p = 0.277). Lastly, motivation to exercise increased in the SSM condition versus NM in females (p = 0.006) but not in males (p = 0.090). Results indicate that listening to SSM music did not result in superior anaerobic performance in either sex, but females responded more favorably to subjective outcomes (i.e., RPE and motivation) while listening to SSM, which may have in turn influenced indices of fatigue during the tests. These results suggest that females may respond more positively than males to exercise-induced fatigue while listening to SSM music during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise.
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