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Grossmann I, Peetz J, Dorfman A, Rotella A, Buehler R. The Wise Mind Balances the Abstract and the Concrete. Open Mind (Camb) 2024; 8:826-858. [PMID: 38974582 PMCID: PMC11226238 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We explored how individuals' mental representations of complex and uncertain situations impact their ability to reason wisely. To this end, we introduce situated methods to capture abstract and concrete mental representations and the switching between them when reflecting on social challenges. Using these methods, we evaluated the alignment of abstractness and concreteness with four integral facets of wisdom: intellectual humility, open-mindedness, perspective-taking, and compromise-seeking. Data from North American and UK participants (N = 1,151) revealed that both abstract and concrete construals significantly contribute to wise reasoning, even when controlling for a host of relevant covariates and potential response bias. Natural language processing of unstructured texts among high (top 25%) and low (bottom 25%) wisdom participants corroborated these results: semantic networks of the high wisdom group reveal greater use of both abstract and concrete themes compared to the low wisdom group. Finally, employing a repeated strategy-choice method as an additional measure, our findings demonstrated that individuals who showed a greater balance and switching between these construal types exhibited higher wisdom. Our findings advance understanding of individual differences in mental representations and how construals shape reasoning across contexts in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Johanna Peetz
- Psychology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Dorfman
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amanda Rotella
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Buehler
- Psychology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Kim Y, Nusbaum HC, Yang F. Going beyond ourselves: the role of self-transcendent experiences in wisdom. Cogn Emot 2022; 37:98-116. [PMID: 36417261 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2149473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Having good moral character often involves shifting one's focus of attention from the self to others and the world. Across three studies (N = 605 adults), we found converging evidence that self-transcendent experiences, specifically awe and flow, enabled the expression of wisdom, as captured by wise reasoning and epistemic humility measures. Study 1 found that dispositionally awe- and flow-prone people have stronger wise reasoning and epistemic humility abilities, over and above dispositional happiness. Consistent with Study 1, Study 2 found that, across diverse recalled experiences, individuals who experienced more awe showed greater wise reasoning, and those who experienced more flow showed greater epistemic humility. In Study 3, using situated interventions, we induced awe (watching a video involving vast nature scenes) and flow (composing a song using an online music maker) and compared them with neutral and amusement experiences. Compared to these control conditions, eliciting awe and flow facilitated one's (1) ability to address interpersonal conflicts with wise reasoning, (2) ability to acknowledge one's epistemic gaps, and (3) willingness to improve those aspects and one's general moral character. Altogether, these findings reveal the promising role of self-transcendent experiences in motivating people to appreciate others' perspectives beyond one's own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yena Kim
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Howard C. Nusbaum
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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3
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Glück J, Weststrate NM. The Wisdom Researchers and the Elephant: An Integrative Model of Wise Behavior. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022; 26:342-374. [PMID: 35652684 PMCID: PMC9548664 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221094650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article proposes an integrative model of wise behavior in real life. While current research findings depend considerably on how wisdom is conceptualized and measured, there are strong conceptual commonalities across psychological wisdom models. The proposed model integrates the components of several existing models into a dynamic framework explaining wise behavior. The article first specifies which real-life situations require wisdom and discusses characteristics of wise behavior. The core proposition of the model is that in challenging real-life situations, noncognitive wisdom components (an exploratory orientation, concern for others, and emotion regulation) moderate the effect of cognitive components (knowledge, metacognitive capacities, and self-reflection) on wise behavior. The model can explain the situation specificity of wisdom and the commonalities and differences between personal and general wisdom. Empirically, it accounts for the considerable variation in correlations among wisdom measures and between wisdom measures and other variables. The model has implications for the design of wisdom-fostering interventions and new wisdom measures.
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Salman DA, Auso KA. The Sequential Influence of Creative Leadership and Organizational Environment on Strategic Performance. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:5948806. [PMID: 38288294 PMCID: PMC10824576 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5948806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
As a distinct form of leadership, the phenomena of creative leadership draw interest. Such leadership is crucial for developing and sustaining the operations of contemporary organizations and businesses. When it comes to boosting strategic effectiveness, the traits of creative leadership are crucial. This is a recognition of the paradoxes and contradictions present in life and a constructive evaluation of the team's creative potential. According to this study, a creative leader may greatly impact how effectively a strategy is implemented. This study explores the connection between innovative leadership and improved strategic performance. Developing nations' societies tend to undervalue innovative leadership's value in managing administration and enterprises. Unfortunately, it received little attention from academic sources and studies. Because of this, the primary goals of this study are to comprehend the ideas of creative leadership, the uniqueness of a leader's job as a manager, and the influence of creative leadership on strategic effectiveness. The goal of quantitative research is to comprehend how creative leadership may improve strategic effectiveness. Therefore, four hypotheses were tested in this study to show how creative leadership and strategic effectiveness are related. The research demonstrates how inventive leaders can enhance customer satisfaction through creative ideas. In conclusion, the strategic performance of a corporation depends on originality and creative leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshad Ahmed Salman
- Department of Business Administration, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Khairi Ali Auso
- Department of Business Administration, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey
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Beyond effective use: Integrating wise reasoning in machine learning development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Wise reasoning, intergroup positivity, and attitude polarization across contexts. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3313. [PMID: 34083528 PMCID: PMC8175723 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that a wisdom-based reasoning process comprised of epistemic humility, accounting for context, and integrating different perspectives and interests, would be helpful in overcoming intergroup bias and attitude polarization in societal conflicts. Here we test the hypothesis using both the Situated Wise Reasoning Scale and experimental induction. In each study, we recruited participants who self-identified as members of a group implicated in an ongoing intergroup situation. In five correlational studies (Studies 1-5) we examined the relations between measured wise reasoning and intergroup positivity and attitude polarization. In two experiments, we tested the effects of a brief online wise-reasoning thought exercise on intergroup positivity and polarization (Studies 6-7), and charitable behaviors to an outgroup (Study 6). We found that wise reasoning relates to more positivity toward outgroups and less attitude polarization across different groups and conflicts. The results have implications for theory and may also have implications for future research on interventions to improve intergroup relations.
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Nagabhushan P, Sonbhadra SK, Punn NS, Agarwal S. Towards Machine Learning to Machine Wisdom: A Potential Quest. BIG DATA ANALYTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93620-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Hu CS, Ji J, Huang J, Feng Z, Xie D, Li M, Liang Z, Wei Z. Wiser Reasoning and Less Disgust Have the Potential to Better Achieve Suicide Prevention. CRISIS 2020; 42:202-209. [PMID: 32781897 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: High school and university teachers need to advise students against attempting suicide, the second leading cause of death among 15-29-year-olds. Aims: To investigate the role of reasoning and emotion in advising against suicide. Method: We conducted a study with 130 students at a university that specializes in teachers' education. Participants sat in front of a camera, videotaping their advising against suicide. Three raters scored their transcribed advice on "wise reasoning" (i.e., expert forms of reasoning: considering a variety of conditions, awareness of the limitation of one's knowledge, taking others' perspectives). Four registered psychologists experienced in suicide prevention techniques rated the transcripts on the potential for suicide prevention. Finally, using the software Facereader 7.1, we analyzed participants' micro-facial expressions during advice-giving. Results: Wiser reasoning and less disgust predicted higher potential for suicide prevention. Moreover, higher potential for suicide prevention was associated with more surprise. Limitations: The actual efficacy of suicide prevention was not assessed. Conclusion: Wise reasoning and counter-stereotypic ideas that trigger surprise probably contribute to the potential for suicide prevention. This advising paradigm may help train teachers in advising students against suicide, measuring wise reasoning, and monitoring a harmful emotional reaction, that is, disgust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao S Hu
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinhao Huang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhe Feng
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dong Xie
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, USA
| | - Mei Li
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhijian Liang
- Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
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Grossmann I, Weststrate NM, Ardelt M, Brienza JP, Dong M, Ferrari M, Fournier MA, Hu CS, Nusbaum HC, Vervaeke J. The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World: Knowns and Unknowns. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2020.1750917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Nic M. Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Monika Ardelt
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Justin P. Brienza
- UQ Business School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mengxi Dong
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michel Ferrari
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc A. Fournier
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chao S. Hu
- Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Howard C. Nusbaum
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John Vervaeke
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Grossmann I, Dorfman A, Oakes H. Wisdom is a social-ecological rather than person-centric phenomenon. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 32:66-71. [PMID: 31400714 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Typical approaches to study practical wisdom are person-centric, use flawed methods, and produce insights of little relevance to the construct's definition. We propose that understanding the processes underlying practical wisdom requires a social-ecological framework, supported by emerging empirical insights. Wise reasoning (i.e., intellectual humility, open-mindedness, recognition of broader perspectives and possible changes, integration of diverse viewpoints) varies dramatically across cultures, regions, economic strata, and situational contexts. By adopting a social-ecological perspective, psychologists can address some paradoxes about wisdom, including biases and errors in decontextualized versus context-variable assessments and a greater propensity for wise reasoning about social versus personal challenges, despite greater knowledge about personal issues. Moreover, an ecological perspective suggests that the propensity for wisdom in the population can also shape its ecology and surroundings. This new approach to wisdom is enriching our understanding and exploration of practical wisdom as a mental process and an ecological asset for societies at large.
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