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Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) has found application in many components of implantable medical devices, wearable smart devices, monitoring systems, etc. The IoT devices are conventionally battery powered, even though, in several low power applications, they can also be powered using energy harvesting technology. Independently of the power sources (if batteries or environment), efficient and robust power converters must be designed to provide the small and distributed energy required by such IoT devices. This review paper will first provide an overview about the power consumption in IoT devices; second, it will discuss the most recent research and advance in the field of fully-integrated or embedded DC/DC converters, starting from high-performance integrated charge pumps or embedded inductive boost converters for specific harvesting sources (temperature, solar, and so on), to novel DC/DC converters for multiple energy sources.
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Rokonuzzaman M, Mishu MK, Amin N, Nadarajah M, Roy RB, Rahman KS, Buhari AM, Binzaid S, Shakeri M, Pasupuleti J. Self-Sustained Autonomous Wireless Sensor Network with Integrated Solar Photovoltaic System for Internet of Smart Home-Building (IoSHB) Applications. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12060653. [PMID: 34199450 PMCID: PMC8228661 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in smart home-building (SHB) are typically driven by batteries, limiting their lifespan and the maximum number of deployable units. To satisfy the energy demand for the next generation of SHB which can interconnect WSNs to make the internet of smart home-building (IoSHB), this study introduces the design and implementation of a 250 mW to 2.3 W energy harvesting device. The proposed device is dynamically autonomous owing to the integration of embedded solar photovoltaic (PV) modules and power storage through a supercapacitor (SC; 5 V, 0.47 F) capable of powering WSNs for 95 s (up to 4.11 V). The deployed device can harvest indoor and outdoor ambient light at a minimum illumination of 50 lux and a maximum illumination of 200 lux. Moreover, the proposed system supports wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to do data transfer to a webserver as a complete internet of things (IoT) device. A customized android dashboard is further developed for data monitoring on a smartphone. All in all, this self-powered WSN node can interface with the users of the SHBs for displaying ambient data, which demonstrates its promising applicability and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Rokonuzzaman
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (The National Energy University), Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.K.M.); (M.S.); (J.P.)
- College of Engineering (COE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (The National Energy University), Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (N.A.)
| | - Mahmuda Khatun Mishu
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (The National Energy University), Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.K.M.); (M.S.); (J.P.)
- College of Engineering (COE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (The National Energy University), Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nowshad Amin
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (The National Energy University), Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.K.M.); (M.S.); (J.P.)
- College of Engineering (COE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (The National Energy University), Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (N.A.)
| | - Mithulananthan Nadarajah
- Power and Energy System, School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ITEE), University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
| | - Rajib Baran Roy
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Bryan Jordan Drive, Gladstone 4680, Australia;
| | - Kazi Sajedur Rahman
- Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Adamu Muhammad Buhari
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya Campus, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Shuza Binzaid
- Smart Microgrid Advanced Research and Technology (SMART) Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA;
| | - Mohammad Shakeri
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (The National Energy University), Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.K.M.); (M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Jagadeesh Pasupuleti
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (The National Energy University), Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.K.M.); (M.S.); (J.P.)
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Energy Harvesting Strategies for Wireless Sensor Networks and Mobile Devices: A Review. ELECTRONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics10060661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Wireless sensor network nodes and mobile devices are normally powered by batteries that, when depleted, must be recharged or replaced. This poses important problems, in particular for sensor nodes that are placed in inaccessible areas or biomedical sensors implanted in the human body where the battery replacement is very impractical. Moreover, the depleted battery must be properly disposed of in accordance with national and international regulations to prevent environmental pollution. A very interesting alternative to power mobile devices is energy harvesting where energy sources naturally present in the environment (such as sunlight, thermal gradients and vibrations) are scavenged to provide the power supply for sensor nodes and mobile systems. Since the presence of these energy sources is discontinuous in nature, electronic systems powered by energy harvesting must include a power management system and a storage device to store the scavenged energy. In this paper, the main strategies to design a wireless mobile sensor system powered by energy harvesting are reviewed and different sensor systems powered by such energy sources are presented.
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73.5 uW Indoor-Outdoor Light Harvesting System with Global Maximum Power Point Tracking. JOURNAL OF LOW POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jlpea11010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work introduces a light harvesting system with battery management. In contrast to relevant solutions that operate in limited ranges, the proposed system covers a wide operating input power range from 10 uW up to 300 mW. Specifically, experimental results highlight that, combined with a 73 × 94 mm flexible light harvester, it can harness light in a range from 50 LUX (indoor lighting) up to 120,000 LUX (outdoor lighting). The introduced system consists of a boost converter and an ultra-low power microcontroller (MCU). The MCU performs Global Maximum Power Point Tracking (GMPPT), using a resistor-free time-based input power sensing method, to calculate the input power of the converter, which does not interfere with the operation of the boost converter. The efficiency of the GMPPT system was evaluated with detailed experimentation, where we achieved 99.75% average GMPPT tracking efficiency while consuming only 73.5 uW at 4.2 V.
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Kanoun O, Bradai S, Khriji S, Bouattour G, El Houssaini D, Ben Ammar M, Naifar S, Bouhamed A, Derbel F, Viehweger C. Energy-Aware System Design for Autonomous Wireless Sensor Nodes: A Comprehensive Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020548. [PMID: 33466681 PMCID: PMC7828785 DOI: 10.3390/s21020548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, wireless sensor networks are becoming increasingly important in several sectors including industry, transportation, environment and medicine. This trend is reinforced by the spread of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in almost all sectors. Autonomous energy supply is thereby an essential aspect as it decides the flexible positioning and easy maintenance, which are decisive for the acceptance of this technology, its wide use and sustainability. Significant improvements made in the last years have shown interesting possibilities for realizing energy-aware wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) by designing manifold and highly efficient energy converters and reducing energy consumption of hardware, software and communication protocols. Using only a few of these techniques or focusing on only one aspect is not sufficient to realize practicable and market relevant solutions. This paper therefore provides a comprehensive review on system design for battery-free and energy-aware WSN, making use of ambient energy or wireless energy transmission. It addresses energy supply strategies and gives a deep insight in energy management methods as well as possibilities for energy saving on node and network level. The aim therefore is to provide deep insight into system design and increase awareness of suitable techniques for realizing battery-free and energy-aware wireless sensor nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Kanoun
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (S.K.); (G.B.); (D.E.H.); (M.B.A.); (S.N.); (A.B.); (C.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sonia Bradai
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (S.K.); (G.B.); (D.E.H.); (M.B.A.); (S.N.); (A.B.); (C.V.)
| | - Sabrine Khriji
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (S.K.); (G.B.); (D.E.H.); (M.B.A.); (S.N.); (A.B.); (C.V.)
| | - Ghada Bouattour
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (S.K.); (G.B.); (D.E.H.); (M.B.A.); (S.N.); (A.B.); (C.V.)
| | - Dhouha El Houssaini
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (S.K.); (G.B.); (D.E.H.); (M.B.A.); (S.N.); (A.B.); (C.V.)
| | - Meriam Ben Ammar
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (S.K.); (G.B.); (D.E.H.); (M.B.A.); (S.N.); (A.B.); (C.V.)
| | - Slim Naifar
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (S.K.); (G.B.); (D.E.H.); (M.B.A.); (S.N.); (A.B.); (C.V.)
| | - Ayda Bouhamed
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (S.K.); (G.B.); (D.E.H.); (M.B.A.); (S.N.); (A.B.); (C.V.)
| | - Faouzi Derbel
- Smart Diagnostic and Online Monitoring, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, Wächterstrasse 13, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Christian Viehweger
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (S.B.); (S.K.); (G.B.); (D.E.H.); (M.B.A.); (S.N.); (A.B.); (C.V.)
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Low Power Photo-Voltaic Harvesting Matrix Based Boost DC–DC Converter with Recycled and Synchro-Recycled Scheme. JOURNAL OF LOW POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jlpea10040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photo-voltaic (PV) power harvest can have decent efficiency when dealing with high power. When operating with a DC–DC boost converter during the low-power harvest, its efficiency and output voltage are degraded due to excessive losses in the converter components. The objective of this paper is to present a systematic approach to designing an efficient low-power photo-voltaic harvesting topology with an improved efficiency and output voltage. The proposed topology uses a boost converter with and extra inductor in recycled and synchro-recycled techniques in continuous current mode (CCM). By exploiting the non-linearity of the PV cell, it reduces the power loss and using the current stored in the second inductor, it enhances the output voltage and output power simultaneously. Further, by utilizing the Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor’s (MOSFET) body diode as a switch, it maintains a minimum hardware, and introduces a negligible impact on the reliability. The test results of the proposed boost converters show that it achieves a decent power and output voltage. Theoretical and experimental results of the proposed topologies with a tested prototype are presented along with a strategy to maximize power and voltage conversion efficiencies and output voltage.
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Mui KM, Khaw MK, Mohd-Yasin F. Power Management IC for a Dual-Input-Triple-Output Energy Harvester. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11100937. [PMID: 33076268 PMCID: PMC7602376 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present the design of a power management integrated circuit that processes harvested energy from radio frequency waves and piezoelectric vibrations. The rectification of piezoelectric and RF sources has a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 87.73% and 74.70%, respectively. The asynchronous and microcontroller-less integrated circuit (IC) is designed to be low power, so the bulk of the harvested energy goes to three loads. The output peak powers of 111 μW, 156 μW, and 128 μW will be sufficient to run small devices for RF communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Meng Mui
- Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.-M.M.); (M.-K.K.)
| | - Mei-Kum Khaw
- Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.-M.M.); (M.-K.K.)
| | - Faisal Mohd-Yasin
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
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Modularity for Paralleling Different Rated Power Supplies Using Multi-Phase Switching Methods. JOURNAL OF LOW POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jlpea9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a modularity for paralleling different rated power supplies without adding a circuit in the feedback loop by using direct and overlapped switching methods. Unlike an isolated output diode, the use of an isolated output switch composed of two Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) can reduce power dissipation. The control module includes switches and a micro-programmed controlled unit that realizes the modularity by using multi-phase switching methods. The proposed module was studied, and experiments of two rated power supplies (60 and 45 W) were conducted to verify the studied results.
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Security Implications for Ultra-Low Power Configurable SoC FPAA Embedded Systems. JOURNAL OF LOW POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/jlpea8020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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