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Hemery LG, Garavelli L, Copping AE, Farr H, Jones K, Baker-Horne N, Kregting L, McGarry LP, Sparling C, Verling E. Animal displacement from marine energy development: Mechanisms and consequences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170390. [PMID: 38286287 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
For marine wave and tidal energy to successfully contribute to global renewable energy goals and climate change mitigation, marine energy projects need to expand beyond small deployments to large-scale arrays. However, with large-scale projects come potential environmental effects not observed at the scales of single devices and small arrays. One of these effects is the risk of displacing marine animals from their preferred habitats or their migration routes, which may increase with the size of arrays and location. Many marine animals may be susceptible to some level of displacement once large marine energy arrays are increasingly integrated into the seascape, including large migratory animals, non-migratory pelagic animals with large home ranges, and benthic and demersal mobile organisms with more limited ranges, among many others. Yet, research around the mechanisms and effects of displacement have been hindered by the lack of clarity within the international marine energy community regarding the definition of displacement, how it occurs, its consequences, species of concern, and methods to investigate the outcomes. This review paper leveraged lessons learned from other industries, such as offshore development, to establish a definition of displacement in the marine energy context, explore which functional groups of marine animals may be affected and in what way, and identify pathways for investigating displacement through modeling and monitoring. In the marine energy context, we defined displacement as the outcome of one of three mechanisms (i.e., attraction, avoidance, and exclusion) triggered by an animal's response to one or more stressors acting as a disturbance, with various consequences at the individual through population levels. The knowledge gaps highlighted in this study will help the regulatory and scientific communities prepare for mitigating, observing, measuring, and characterizing displacement of various animals around marine energy arrays in order to prevent irreversible consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenaïg G Hemery
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Coastal Sciences Division, 1529 West Sequim Bay Road, Sequim, WA 98382, USA.
| | - Lysel Garavelli
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Coastal Sciences Division, 1100 Dexter Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrea E Copping
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Coastal Sciences Division, 1100 Dexter Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hayley Farr
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Coastal Sciences Division, 1100 Dexter Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kristin Jones
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Coastal Sciences Division, 1529 West Sequim Bay Road, Sequim, WA 98382, USA
| | - Nicholas Baker-Horne
- School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's Marine Laboratory, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, Northern Ireland BT221PF, UK
| | - Louise Kregting
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, 293 Akersten Street, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | - Louise P McGarry
- Echoview Software Pty Ltd, GPO Box 1387, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Carol Sparling
- Scottish Oceans Institute, East Sands, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Emma Verling
- MaREI, University College Cork, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork P43 C573, Ireland
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A Summary of Environmental Monitoring Recommendations for Marine Energy Development That Considers Life Cycle Sustainability. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10050586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recommendations derived from papers documenting the Triton Field Trials (TFiT) study of marine energy environmental monitoring technology and methods under the Triton Initiative (Triton), as reported in this Special Issue, are summarized here. Additionally, a brief synopsis describes how to apply the TFiT recommendations to establish an environmental monitoring campaign, and provides an overview describing the importance of identifying the optimal time to perform such campaigns. The approaches for tracking and measuring the effectiveness of recommendations produced from large environmental monitoring campaigns among the stakeholder community are discussed. The discussion extends beyond the initial scope of TFiT to encourage discussion regarding marine energy sustainability that includes life cycle assessment and other life cycle sustainability methodologies. The goal is to inspire stakeholder collaboration across topics associated with the marine energy industry, including diversity and inclusion, energy equity, and how Triton’s work connects within the context of the three pillars of energy sustainability: environment, economy, and society.
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