Dynamics Simulation for Process Risk Evolution on the Bunker Operation of an LNG-fueled Vessel with Catastrophe Mathematical Models

Analytic Hierarchy Process Analysis for Industrial Application of LNG Bunkering: A Comparison of Japan and South Korea

From January 2020, the International Maritime Organization has regulated ship emissions to reduce sulfur content. As an alternative to this, LNG bunkering was proposed, and infrastructure and ships were deployed. Therefore, we used analytic hierarchy process AHP techniques to determine optimal methods of LNG bunkering for shipyard safety. First, we conducted a literature survey on the concept and type of LNG bunkering, global LNG bunkering trends, and features of Japan and South Korea cases and compared them. Thereafter, an expert survey was conducted, and survey data was analyzed using AHP techniques. Finally, we derived optimal methods applicable to shipyard industry. The analytical results revealed that the derived priority of the optimal LNG bunkering method of shipyard was in the order of the STS method, TTS method, and the PTS method. The result of this study can serve as a theoretical basis to make LNG bunkering safer and more economical in shipyards to prepare for the expansion of demand of LNG-fueled ships and LNG. However, this study inevitably has limitations of ranking reversals paradox as it was conducted by experts, assuming no weights to STS, TTS, or PTS.

A Study on the Estimation of Facilities in LNG Bunkering Terminal by Simulation—Busan Port Case

Since 2020, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has tightened regulations on the emissions of sulfur oxides from ships from less than 3.5% to less than 0.5%. As a countermeasure, shipping companies can adopt one of three potential solutions: using low sulfur fuel (LSFO), installing scrubbers, or using liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel. However, considering the environmental aspects such as the UN greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction program and the reduction of fine dust generation in port areas, LNG fuel is ultimately considered to be the most ideal method in the marine industry. In line with this international trend, major port authorities are considering building LNG bunkering stations, but the proper methods and criteria for estimating the size of LNG bunkering infrastructure are not clear. This study proposes a method of estimating the size of LNG infrastructure required with consideration for the operational status of ports according to the estimated amount of bunkering demand at a future time with the case study of Busan Port in Korea. In order to estimate the detailed demand amount by inbound vessels, a simulation modeling technique is applied as a tool of research.