1
|
Mohsen M, Ismail S, Yuan X, Yu Z, Lin C, Yang H. Sea cucumber physiological response to abiotic stress: Emergent contaminants and climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172208. [PMID: 38583632 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The ocean is facing a multitude of abiotic stresses due to factors such as climate change and pollution. Understanding how organisms in the ocean respond to these global changes is vital to better predicting consequences. Sea cucumbers are popular echinoderms with multiple ecological, nutritional, and pharmaceutical benefits. Here, we reviewed the effects of environmental change on an ecologically important echinoderm of the ocean, aiming to understand their response better, which could facilitate healthy culture programs under environmental changes and draw attention to knowledge gaps. After screening articles from the databases, 142 studies were included on the influence of emergent contaminants and climate variation on the early developmental stages and adults of sea cucumbers. We outlined the potential mechanism underlying the physiological response of sea cucumbers to emerging contaminants and climate change. It can be concluded that the physiological response of sea cucumbers to emergent contaminants differs from their response to climate change. Sea cucumbers could accumulate pollutants in their organs but are aestivated when exposed to extreme climate change. Research showed that the physiological response of sea cucumbers to pollutants indicates that these pollutants impair critical physiological processes, particularly during the more susceptible early phases of development compared to adults, and the accumulation of these pollutants in adults is often observed. For climate change, sea cucumbers showed gradual adaptation to the slight variation. However, sea cucumbers undergo aestivation under extreme conditions. Based on this review, critical suggestions for future research are presented, and we call for more efforts focusing on the co-occurrence of different stressors to extend the knowledge regarding the effects of environmental changes on these economically and ecologically important species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohsen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Sherif Ismail
- Environmental Engineering Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 44519, Egypt; Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Xiutang Yuan
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Zonghe Yu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenggang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jenzri M, Gharred C, Bouraoui Z, Guerbej H, Jebali J, Gharred T. Assessment of single and combined effects of bisphenol-A and its analogue bisphenol-S on biochemical and histopathological responses of sea cucumber Holothuria poli. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 188:106032. [PMID: 37267666 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs) are among emerging pollutants that have been frequently detected in different compartments of marine ecosystems and elicited great concern due to their potential toxicity to marine organisms. This work aimed to investigate the toxicity of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) on oxidative stress markers, neurotoxicity and histopathological alterations in sea cucumbers (Holothuria poli). The results showed that exposure to 200 μg/L of BPA and BPS produced oxidative stress, neurotoxicity in the digestive tract and respiratory tree, and several types of histopathological lesions in tissues of the respiratory tree of the sea cucumber, posing a health hazard to this aquatic organism. In addition, BPA has greater effects than BPS on the generation of oxidative stress marked by the inductions of catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and neurotoxicity shown by the decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE). The respiratory tree of sea cucumbers might be an appropriate tissue for assessing CAT, MDA and AChE activity levels, which are reliable biomarkers that may be useful in marine biomonitoring studies. Evaluation of histopathological lesions of the respiratory tree suggests that BPA and BPS and their mixture cause various tissue alterations that may be associated with oxidative stress damage and neurotoxicity. In conclusion, this study showed that oxidative stress (CAT and MDA) and neurotoxicity (AChE) markers, as well as respiratory tree lesions, are sensitive biomarkers for the assessment of BPA and BPS toxicity in sea cucumbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Jenzri
- Research Laboratory of Bioresources: Integrative Biology & Valorization (LR 14ES06), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar Hadded, PB. 74, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Chayma Gharred
- Research Laboratory of Bioresources: Integrative Biology & Valorization (LR 14ES06), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar Hadded, PB. 74, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Zied Bouraoui
- Laboratory of Blue Biotechnology and Aquatic Bioproducts (B3Aqua), National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, BP 59, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hamadi Guerbej
- Laboratory of Blue Biotechnology and Aquatic Bioproducts (B3Aqua), National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, BP 59, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jamel Jebali
- Research Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar Hadded, PB. 74, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Tahar Gharred
- Research Laboratory of Bioresources: Integrative Biology & Valorization (LR 14ES06), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar Hadded, PB. 74, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ju Z, Liao G, Zhang Y, Li N, Li X, Zou Y, Yang W, Xiong D. Oxidative stress responses in the respiratory tree and the body wall of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) to high temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21288-21298. [PMID: 36269487 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas (Selenka) is one of the important aquaculture species distributed in northern China. In recent years, global warming caused frequent high temperature weather in summer in northern China, resulting in dramatic losses of the sea cucumber aquaculture industry. In the present study, we focused on the effect of oxidative stress in Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) subjected to high temperature stress. Sea cumbers were exposed to the control (16 °C), and high temperature treatments (20 °C, 24 °C, and 28 °C) for 7 days. Then, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level in the respiratory tree and body wall were detected, respectively. Results showed that 24 °C and 28 °C acute exposure induced the elevation of ROS level, SOD, CAT, POD activities, GSH content, MDA content and 8-OHdG level in the respiratory tree of sea cucumber. In contrast, no significant changes were observed for ROS and 8-OHdG levels in the body wall of sea cucumber, while the antioxidants including SOD, CAT, POD, and GSH decreased to some extent. Moreover, MDA content exhibited a noticeable increase in the body wall, similarly to that in the respiratory tree, indicating that high temperature could induce severe lipid peroxidation in two tissues. Considering the differences in various biomarkers measured in two tissues, respiratory tree might be more susceptible to the high temperature changes compared to the body wall. Our findings may help understand the oxidative stress response to high temperature in the respiratory tree and the body wall in A. japonicus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglei Ju
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Guoxiang Liao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yulu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Xishan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuhang Zou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Deqi Xiong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang X, Li X, Xiong D, Ren H, Chen H, Ju Z. Exposure of adult sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius to stranded heavy fuel oil causes developmental toxicity on larval offspring. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13298. [PMID: 35462773 PMCID: PMC9029359 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy fuel oil (HFO) spills pose serious threat to coastlines and sensitive resources. Stranded HFO that occurs along the coastline could cause long-term and massive damage to the marine environment and indirectly affect the survival of parental marine invertebrates. However, our understanding of the complex associations within invertebrates is primarily limited, particularly in terms of the toxicity effects on the offspring when parents are exposed to stranded HFO. Here, we investigated the persistent effects on the early development stage of the offspring following stranded HFO exposure on the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. After 21 d exposure, sea urchins exhibited a significant decrease in the reproductive capacity; while the reactive oxygen species level, 3-nitrotyrosine protein level, protein carbonyl level, and heat shock proteins 70 expression in the gonadal tissues and gametes significantly increased as compared to the controls, indicating that HFO exposure could cause development toxicity on offspring in most traits of larval size. These results suggested that the stranded HFO exposure could increase oxidative stress of gonadal tissues, impair reproductive functions in parental sea urchins, and subsequently impact on development of their offspring. This study provides valuable information regarding the persistent toxicity effects on the offspring following stranded HFO exposure on sea urchins.
Collapse
|
5
|
González-Penagos CE, Zamora-Briseño JA, Améndola-Pimenta M, Elizalde-Contreras JM, Árcega-Cabrera F, Cruz-Quintana Y, Santana-Piñeros AM, Cañizárez-Martínez MA, Pérez-Vega JA, Ruiz-May E, Rodríguez-Canul R. Integrative description of changes occurring on zebrafish embryos exposed to water-soluble crude oil components and its mixture with a chemical surfactant. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 445:116033. [PMID: 35452689 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of crude oil spills are an ongoing problem for wildlife and human health in both marine and freshwater aquatic environments. Bioassays of model organisms are a convenient way to assess the potential risks of the substances involved in oil spills. Zebrafish embryos (ZFE) are a useful to reach a fast and detailed description of the toxicity of the pollutants, including both the components of the crude oil itself and substances that are commonly used for crude oil spill mitigation (e.g. surfactants). Here, we evaluated the survival rate, as well as histological, morphological, and proteomic changes in ZFE exposed to Water Accumulated Fraction (WAF) of light crude oil and in mixture with dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium (DOSS, e.g. CEWAF: Chemically Enhanced WAF), a surfactant that is frequently used in chemical dispersant formulations. Furthermore, we compared de hydrocarbon concentration of WAF and CEWAF of the sublethal dilution. In histological, morphological, and gene expression variables, the ZFE exposed to WAF showed less changes than those exposed to CEWAF. Proteomic changes were more dramatic in ZFE exposed to WAF, with important alterations in spliceosomal and ribosomal proteins, as well as proteins related to eye and retinal photoreceptor development and heart function. We also found that the concentration of high molecular weight hydrocarbons in water was slighly higher in presence of DOSS, but the low molecular weight hydrocarbons concentration was higher in WAF. These results provide an important starting point for identifying useful crude-oil exposure biomarkers in fish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo González-Penagos
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN) Unidad Mérida, Antigua carretera a Progreso Km. 6, CP 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alejandro Zamora-Briseño
- Laboratorio de Entomología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, El Instituto de Ecología, Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, CP 91070, Mexico
| | - Monica Améndola-Pimenta
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN) Unidad Mérida, Antigua carretera a Progreso Km. 6, CP 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - José Miguel Elizalde-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Entomología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, El Instituto de Ecología, Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, CP 91070, Mexico
| | - Flor Árcega-Cabrera
- Unidad de Química Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán 97356, Mexico
| | - Yanis Cruz-Quintana
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Acuícola, Inocuidad y Salud Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Departamento de Acuicultura y Pesca, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ciudadela Universitaria, Bahía de Caráquez, Manabí 130104, Ecuador
| | - Ana María Santana-Piñeros
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Acuícola, Inocuidad y Salud Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Departamento de Acuicultura y Pesca, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ciudadela Universitaria, Bahía de Caráquez, Manabí 130104, Ecuador
| | - Mayra Alejandra Cañizárez-Martínez
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN) Unidad Mérida, Antigua carretera a Progreso Km. 6, CP 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Juan Antonio Pérez-Vega
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN) Unidad Mérida, Antigua carretera a Progreso Km. 6, CP 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Eliel Ruiz-May
- Laboratorio de Entomología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, El Instituto de Ecología, Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, CP 91070, Mexico.
| | - Rossanna Rodríguez-Canul
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN) Unidad Mérida, Antigua carretera a Progreso Km. 6, CP 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li X, Xiong D, Ju Z, Xiong Y, Ding G, Liao G. Phenotypic and transcriptomic consequences in zebrafish early-life stages following exposure to crude oil and chemical dispersant at sublethal concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:143053. [PMID: 33129528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To further understand the underlying mechanisms involved in the developmental toxicity of crude oil and chemically dispersed crude oil on fish early-life stages (ELS), zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to GM-2 chemical dispersant (DISP), low-energy water-accommodated fractions (LEWAF), and chemically enhanced WAF (CEWAF) of Merey crude oil at sublethal concentrations for 120 h. We employed the General Morphology Score (GMS) and General Teratogenic Score (GTS) systems in conjunction with high-throughput RNA-Seq analysis to evaluate the phenotypic and transcriptomic responses in zebrafish ELS. Results showed that ΣPAHs concentrations in LEWAF and CEWAF solutions were 507.63 ± 80.95 ng·L-1 and 4039.51 ± 241.26 ng·L-1, respectively. The GMS and GTS values indicated that CEWAF exposure caused more severe developmental delay and higher frequencies of teratogenic effects than LEWAF exposure. Moreover, no significant change in heart rate was observed in LEWAF treatment, while CEWAF exposure caused a significant reduction in heart rate. LEWAF and CEWAF exposure exhibited an overt change in eye area, with a reduction of 4.0% and 25.3% (relative to the control), respectively. Additionally, no obvious impact on phenotypic development was observed in zebrafish embryo-larvae following DISP exposure. Significant changes in gene expression were detected in LEWAF and CEWAF treatments, with a total of 957 and 2062 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively, while DISP exposure altered only 91 DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that LEWAF and CEWAF exposure caused significant perturbations in the pathways associated with phototransduction, retinol metabolism, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and immune response-related pathways. Our results provide more valid evidence to corroborate the previous suggestion that ocular impairment is an equal or possibly more sensitive biomarker than cardiotoxicity in fish ELS exposed to oil-derived PAHs. All these findings could gain further mechanistic insights into the effects of crude oil and chemical dispersant on fish ELS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xishan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Deqi Xiong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Zhonglei Ju
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yijun Xiong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA
| | - Guanghui Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Guoxiang Liao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li X, Wang C, Li N, Gao Y, Ju Z, Liao G, Xiong D. Combined Effects of Elevated Temperature and Crude Oil Pollution on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Sea Cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus, Selenka). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020801. [PMID: 33477823 PMCID: PMC7832845 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, global climate change and oil pollution are two main environmental concerns for sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) aquaculture. However, no study has been conducted on the combined effects of elevated temperature and oil pollution on sea cucumber. Therefore, in the present study, we treated sea cucumber with elevated temperature (26 °C) alone, water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of Oman crude oil at an optimal temperature of 16 °C, and Oman crude oil WAF at an elevated temperature of 26 °C for 24 h. Results showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and total antioxidant capacity in WAF at 26 °C treatment were higher than that in WAF at 16 °C treatment, as evidenced by 6.03- and 1.31-fold-higher values, respectively. Oxidative damage assessments manifested that WAF at 26 °C treatment caused much severer oxidative damage of the biomacromolecules (including DNA, proteins, and lipids) than 26 °C or WAF at 16 °C treatments did. Moreover, compared to 26 °C or WAF at 16 °C treatments, WAF at 26 °C treatment induced a significant increase in cellular apoptosis by detecting the caspase-3 activity. Our results revealed that co-exposure to elevated temperature and crude oil could simulate higher ROS levels and subsequently cause much severer oxidative damage and cellular apoptosis than crude oil alone on sea cucumber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xishan Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Z.J.)
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (C.W.); (D.X.)
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (C.W.); (D.X.)
| | - Nan Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Z.J.)
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (C.W.); (D.X.)
| | - Yali Gao
- School of Marine Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China;
| | - Zhonglei Ju
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Z.J.)
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (C.W.); (D.X.)
| | - Guoxiang Liao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Z.J.)
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, Dalian 116023, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0411-8478-3810
| | - Deqi Xiong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (C.W.); (D.X.)
| |
Collapse
|