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Koehler MA, Song L, Grill FJ, Shubitz LF, Powell DA, Galgiani JN, Orbach MJ, Robb EJ, Chung Y, Williams SA, Murugan V, Park JG, LaBaer J, Lake DF, Magee DM. Discovery of a Unique Set of Dog-Seroreactive Coccidioides Proteins Using Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Array. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:307. [PMID: 38786662 PMCID: PMC11121964 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Valley Fever (VF), caused by fungi in the genus Coccidioides, is a prevalent disease in southwestern and western parts of the United States that affects both humans and animals, such as dogs. Although the immune responses to infection with Coccidioides spp. are not fully characterized, antibody-detection assays are used in conjunction with clinical presentation and radiologic findings to aid in the diagnosis of VF. These assays often use Complement Fixation (CF) and Tube Precipitin (TP) antigens as the main targets of IgG and IgM reactivity, respectively. Our group previously reported evidence of over 800 genes expressed at the protein level in C. posadasii. However, antibody reactivity to the majority of these proteins has never been explored. Using a new, high-throughput screening technology, the Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Array (NAPPA), we screened serum specimens from dogs against 708 of these previously identified proteins for IgG reactivity. Serum from three separate groups of dogs was analyzed and revealed a small panel of proteins to be further characterized for immuno-reactivity. In addition to CF/CTS1 antigen, sera from most infected dogs showed antibody reactivity to endo-1,3-betaglucanase, peroxisomal matrix protein, and another novel reactive protein, CPSG_05795. These antigens may provide additional targets to aid in antibody-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Koehler
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Lusheng Song
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.S.); (Y.C.); (S.A.W.); (V.M.); (J.-g.P.); (J.L.)
| | | | - Lisa F. Shubitz
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (L.F.S.); (D.A.P.); (J.N.G.); (M.J.O.)
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Daniel A. Powell
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (L.F.S.); (D.A.P.); (J.N.G.); (M.J.O.)
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - John N. Galgiani
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (L.F.S.); (D.A.P.); (J.N.G.); (M.J.O.)
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Marc J. Orbach
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (L.F.S.); (D.A.P.); (J.N.G.); (M.J.O.)
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - Yunro Chung
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.S.); (Y.C.); (S.A.W.); (V.M.); (J.-g.P.); (J.L.)
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Stacy A. Williams
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.S.); (Y.C.); (S.A.W.); (V.M.); (J.-g.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Vel Murugan
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.S.); (Y.C.); (S.A.W.); (V.M.); (J.-g.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Jin-gyoon Park
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.S.); (Y.C.); (S.A.W.); (V.M.); (J.-g.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.S.); (Y.C.); (S.A.W.); (V.M.); (J.-g.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Douglas F. Lake
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
- Cactus Bio, LLC, Phoenix, AZ 85259, USA;
| | - D. Mitchell Magee
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (L.S.); (Y.C.); (S.A.W.); (V.M.); (J.-g.P.); (J.L.)
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Coccidioides Species: A Review of Basic Research: 2022. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080859. [PMID: 36012847 PMCID: PMC9409882 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidioides immitis and posadasii are closely related fungal species that cause coccidioidomycosis. These dimorphic organisms cause disease in immunocompetent as well as immunocompromised individuals and as much as 40% of the population is infected in the endemic area. Although most infections resolve spontaneously, the infection can be prolonged and, in some instances, fatal. Coccidioides has been studied for more than 100 years and many aspects of the organism and the disease it causes have been investigated. There are over 500 manuscripts concerning Coccidioides (excluding clinical articles) referenced in PubMed over the past 50 years, so there is a large body of evidence to review. We reviewed the most accurate and informative basic research studies of these fungi including some seminal older studies as well as an extensive review of current research. This is an attempt to gather the most important basic research studies about this fungus into one publication. To focus this review, we will discuss the mycology of the organism exclusively rather than the studies of the host response or clinical studies. We hope that this review will be a useful resource to those interested in Coccidioides and coccidioidomycosis.
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