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Yang B, Li C, Chen Y, He Y, She J, Zhou X, Tao H, Peng B. Arthproliferins A-D, Four New Sesterterpenes from the Mangrove-Sediment-Derived Fungus Arthrinium sp. SCSIO41221. Molecules 2023; 28:7246. [PMID: 37959666 PMCID: PMC10648114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Four new sesterterpenes, arthproliferins A-D (1-4), together with four known derivatives, were isolated and characterized from the mangrove-sediment-derived fungus Arthrinium sp. SCSIO41221. Their structures were determined using detailed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopic (MS) analyses. Some of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity in vitro. The results revealed that terpestacin (6) exhibited significant activity with an IC50 value of 20.3 μM, and compounds 2 and 5 were found to show weak inhibitory effects against U87MG-derived GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (Y.C.); (Y.H.); (J.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Cuitian Li
- Marine Environmental Engineering Center, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510515, China;
| | - Ying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (Y.C.); (Y.H.); (J.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yanchun He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (Y.C.); (Y.H.); (J.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jianglian She
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (Y.C.); (Y.H.); (J.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (Y.C.); (Y.H.); (J.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Huangming Tao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
| | - Bo Peng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Menolli RA, Tessaro FHG, do Amaral AE, de Melo RH, Dos Santos JF, Iacomini M, Smiderle FR, Mello RG. Biotech Application of Exopolysaccharides from Curvularia brachyspora: Optimization of Production, Structural Characterization, and Biological Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114356. [PMID: 37298832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
C. brachyspora, a widespread dematiaceous fungus, was evaluated in this study to optimize the production of exopolysaccharides (CB-EPS). Optimization was performed using response surface methodology, and the best production yielded 75.05% of total sugar at pH 7.4, with 0.1% urea, after 197 h. The obtained CB-EPS showed typical signals of polysaccharides, which was confirmed by FT-IR and NMR. The HPSEC analysis indicated a polydisperse polymer, showing a non-uniform peak, with an average molar mass (Mw) of 24,470 g/mol. The major monosaccharide was glucose (63.9 Mol%), followed by mannose (19.7 Mol%), and galactose (16.4 Mol%). Methylation analysis encountered derivatives that indicated the presence of a β-d-glucan and a highly branched glucogalactomannan. CB-EPS was tested on murine macrophages to verify its immunoactivity, and the treated cells were able to produce TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10. However, the cells did not produce superoxide anions or nitric oxide nor stimulated phagocytosis. The results demonstrated an indirect antimicrobial activity of macrophages by stimulating cytokines, showing another biotech applicability for the exopolysaccharides produced by C. brachyspora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Andrade Menolli
- Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Parana State University, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80240-020, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Alex Evangelista do Amaral
- Unidade de Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88036-800, SC, Brazil
| | - Renan Henrique de Melo
- Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Parana State University, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil
| | - Jean Felipe Dos Santos
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80240-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcello Iacomini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Fhernanda Ribeiro Smiderle
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80240-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Guetter Mello
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80240-020, PR, Brazil
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Phukhatmuen P, Suthiphasilp V, Rujanapan N, Duangyod T, Maneerat T, Charoensup R, Laphookhieo S. Xanthones from the latex and twig extracts of Garcinia nigrolineata Planch. ex T. Anderson (Clusiaceae) and their antidiabetic and cytotoxic activities. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:702-712. [PMID: 35695129 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2086544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new geranylated xanthone, nigrolineaxanthone AA (1) together with 18 known compounds (2-19) were isolated from latex and twig extracts of Garcinia nigrolineata Planch. ex T. Anderson. Some of the isolated compounds were assessed for their antidiabetic activities and cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines. Of these, compounds 12 (IC50 value of 25.8 ± 0.2 µM), 16 (IC50 value of 124.8 ± 0.7 µM), and 17 (IC50 value of 44.4 ± 1.1 µM) exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory, α-amylase inhibitory, and glycation inhibition activities, respectively. Compound 11 showed glucose consumption and glucose uptake with IC50 values of 14.2 ± 0.8 µM and 3.1-fold. Compound 10 displayed cytotoxic activity against colon cancer (SW480) with an IC50 value of 4.3 ± 0.1 µM), while compound 2 showed cytotoxicity against leukemic cancer (K562) with IC50 value of 4.4 ± 0.3 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyaporn Phukhatmuen
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS) and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Virayu Suthiphasilp
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS) and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Narawadee Rujanapan
- Medicinal Plant Innovation Center, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Duangyod
- Medicinal Plant Innovation Center, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.,School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Tharakorn Maneerat
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS) and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.,Medicinal Plant Innovation Center, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Charoensup
- Medicinal Plant Innovation Center, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.,School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Surat Laphookhieo
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS) and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.,Medicinal Plant Innovation Center, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
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Williams K, Szwalbe AJ, de Mattos-Shipley KMJ, Bailey AM, Cox RJ, Willis CL. Maleidride biosynthesis - construction of dimeric anhydrides - more than just heads or tails. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:128-157. [PMID: 36129067 PMCID: PMC9890510 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to early 2022Maleidrides are a family of polyketide-based dimeric natural products isolated from fungi. Many maleidrides possess significant bioactivities, making them attractive pharmaceutical or agrochemical lead compounds. Their unusual biosynthetic pathways have fascinated scientists for decades, with recent advances in our bioinformatic and enzymatic understanding providing further insights into their construction. However, many intriguing questions remain, including exactly how the enzymatic dimerisation, which creates the diverse core structure of the maleidrides, is controlled. This review will explore the literature from the initial isolation of maleidride compounds in the 1930s, through the first full structural elucidation in the 1960s, to the most recent in vivo, in vitro, and in silico analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | | | | | - Andy M. Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol24 Tyndall AveBristol BS8 1TQUK
| | - Russell J. Cox
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BMWZ, Leibniz University of HannoverSchneiderberg 3830167HannoverGermany
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Mehta T, Meena M, Nagda A. Bioactive compounds of Curvularia species as a source of various biological activities and biotechnological applications. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1069095. [PMID: 36569099 PMCID: PMC9777749 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1069095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many filamentous fungi are known to produce several secondary metabolites or bioactive compounds during their growth and reproduction with sort of various biological activities. Genus Curvularia (Pleosporaceae) is a dematiaceous filamentous fungus that exhibits a facultative pathogenic and endophytic lifestyle. It contains ~213 species among which Curvularia lunata, C. geniculata, C. clavata, C. pallescens, and C. andropogonis are well-known. Among them, C. lunata is a major pathogenic species of various economical important crops especially cereals of tropical regions while other species like C. geniculata is of endophytic nature with numerous bioactive compounds. Curvularia species contain several diverse groups of secondary metabolites including alkaloids, terpenes, polyketides, and quinones. Which possess various biological activities including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and phytotoxicity. Several genes and gene factors are involved to carry and regulate the expression of these activities which are influenced by environmental signals. Some species of Curvularia also show negative impacts on humans and animals. Apart from their negative effects, there are some beneficial implications like production of enzymes of industrial value, bioherbicides, and source of nanoparticles is reported. Many researchers are working on these aspects all over the world but there is no review in literature which provides significant understanding about these all aspects. Thus, this review will provide significant information about secondary metabolic diversity, their biological activities and biotechnological implications of Curvularia species.
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Meesakul P, Suthiphasilp V, Teerapongpisan P, Rujanapun N, Chaiyosang B, Tontapha S, Phukhatmuen P, Maneerat T, Charoensup R, Duangyod T, Patrick BO, Andersen RJ, Laphookhieo S. Rotenoids and isoflavones from the leaf and pod extracts of Millettia brandisiana Kurz. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 204:113440. [PMID: 36130672 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigations of the leaf and pod extracts of Millettia brandisiana Kurz led to the isolation and identification of four previously undescribed rotenoids, (-)-(6aS,12aS)-millettiabrandisins A-C and (-)-(6aS,12aS)-6-deoxyclitoriacetal, two previously undescribed isoflavones, millettiabrandisins D and E, and 20 known compounds. The structures of previously undescribed compounds were determined on the basis of NMR and MS data. The absolute configurations of (-)-(6aS,12aS)-millettiabrandisins A-C were determined from the comparison of their experimental and calculated ECD spectra. (-)-(6aR,12aR)-12a-Hydroxy-α-toxicarol was also confirmed by X-ray crystallographic data. Some isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines, including lung cancer (A549), colorectal cancer (SW480), and leukemic cells (K562). Of these, α-toxicarol displayed the best cytotoxicity against lung cancer (A549) and leukemic cells (K562) with the IC50 values of 104.4 and 67.5 μM, respectively. 6″,6″-Dimethylchromene-[2″,3″:7,8]-flavone showed the highest cytotoxicity against colorectal cancer (SW480) with an IC50 value of 97.2 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornphimon Meesakul
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS) and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Virayu Suthiphasilp
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS) and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand; Department of Industrial Technology and Innovation Management, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pathumwan Institute of Technology, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Passakorn Teerapongpisan
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS) and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Narawadee Rujanapun
- Medicinal Plant Innovation Center of Mae Fah, Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Boonyanoot Chaiyosang
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Tontapha
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Piyaporn Phukhatmuen
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS) and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Tharakorn Maneerat
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS) and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand; Medicinal Plant Innovation Center of Mae Fah, Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Charoensup
- Medicinal Plant Innovation Center of Mae Fah, Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand; School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Duangyod
- Medicinal Plant Innovation Center of Mae Fah, Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand; School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Raymond J Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Surat Laphookhieo
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS) and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand; Medicinal Plant Innovation Center of Mae Fah, Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand.
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Li W, Yang G, Dong H, Zhu J, Liu T. A prognostic signature based on cuprotosis-related long non-coding RNAs predicts the prognosis and sensitivity to chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1055785. [PMCID: PMC9709405 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1055785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuprotosis, a newly proposed mechanism of cell death, can trigger acute oxidative stress that leads to cell death by mediating protein lipidation in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, cuprotosis-related long non-coding RNAs (CRLNCs) and their relationship with prognosis and the immunological landscape of colorectal cancer (CRC) are unclear. We have developed a lncRNA signature to predict survival time, immune infiltration, and sensitivity to chemotherapy. CRLNCs were screened using the Cor function of the R software and the differentially expressed lncRNAs were collected with the limma package. Differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with prognosis were selected using univariate regression analysis. A prognostic signature was developed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate regression analysis. Patients with CRC were divided into two groups based on the risk score. The low-risk group had a more favorable prognosis, higher expression of immune checkpoints, and a higher level of immune cell infiltration compared with the high-risk group. Furthermore, there was a close association between the risk score and the clinical stage, tumor mutational burden, cancer stem cell index, and microsatellite instability. We also assessed chemotherapy response in the two risk groups. Our study analyzed the role of CRLNCs in CRC and provided novel targets and strategies for CRC chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guiyun Yang
- Department of Operating Room, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiajing Zhu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Jiajing Zhu,
| | - Tongjun Liu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Tongjun Liu,
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Suthiphasilp V, Rujanapun N, Kumboonma P, Chaiyosang B, Tontapha S, Maneerat T, Patrick BO, Andersen RJ, Duangyod T, Charoensup R, Laphookhieo S. Antidiabetic and Cytotoxic Activities of Rotenoids and Isoflavonoids Isolated from Millettia pachycarpa Benth. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:24511-24521. [PMID: 35874225 PMCID: PMC9301698 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A phytochemical investigation of the root and leaf extracts of Millettia pachycarpa Benth resulted in the isolation and identification of 16 compounds, including six rotenoids (1-6) and 10 prenylated isoflavonoids (7-16). Compound 4 was isolated as a scalemic mixture, which was resolved by chiral HPLC to afford (-)-(6aS,12aS)-12a-hydroxy-α-toxicarol (4) and (+)-(6aR,12aR)-12a-hydroxy-α-toxicarol (4). (+)-(6aR,12aR)-Millettiapachycarpin (3) and (-)-(6aS,12aS)-12a-hydroxy-α-toxicarol (4) were isolated as new compounds. The absolute configuration of (-)-(6R)-pachycarotenoid (2), (+)-(6aR,12aR)-millettiapachycarpin (3), (-)-(6aS,12aS)-4 and (+)-(6aR,12aR)-12a-hydroxy-α-toxicarol (4), (+)-(6aS,12aS)-(5), and (-)-(6aS,12aS,2″R)-sumatrol (6) were identified by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. (-)-(6aS,12aS,2″R)-Sumatrol (6) was also confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis using Cu-Kα radiation. Antidiabetic activities, including α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities, and cytotoxicities against lung cancer A549, colorectal cancer SW480, and leukemic K562 cells of some isolated compounds were evaluated. Of these, isolupalbigenin (11) exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 11.3 ± 0.2 μM, whereas the scalemic mixture of 12a-hydroxy-α-toxicarol (4) displayed the best α-amylase inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 106.9 ± 0.2 μM. Euchrenone b10 (15) exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against lung cancer A549, colorectal cancer SW480, and leukemic K562 cells, with IC50 values of 40.3, 39.1, and 15.1 μM, respectively. In addition, molecular docking simulations of α-glucosidase inhibition of the active compounds were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virayu Suthiphasilp
- Center
of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS) and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Narawadee Rujanapun
- Medicinal
Plants Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Pakit Kumboonma
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Boonyanoot Chaiyosang
- Natural
Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence
for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Tontapha
- Institute
of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tharakorn Maneerat
- Center
of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS) and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Medicinal
Plants Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Departments
of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Raymond J Andersen
- Departments
of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Thidarat Duangyod
- Medicinal
Plants Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School
of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Charoensup
- Medicinal
Plants Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School
of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Surat Laphookhieo
- Center
of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS) and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Medicinal
Plants Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
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