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Matsuno Y, Endo N, Ueno K, Ishihara A. Isolation of aflatoxin biosynthetic inhibitor from Chondrostereum purpureum mushroom culture filtrate. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 138:308-313. [PMID: 39068142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic mycotoxins produced by the fungi, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. AFs pose severe health risks owing to their acute toxicity and carcinogenic properties. The control of AF contamination remains significantly challenging despite the extensive efforts toward controlling it. Here, we investigated the potential of mushroom extracts as a source of AF biosynthetic inhibitors. The A. parasiticus mutant strain, NFRI-95, that accumulates an AF biosynthesis intermediate, norsolorinic acid, was used in the bioassay to detect the inhibitory activity against AF biosynthesis. The screening of 195 mushroom extracts revealed that the culture filtrate extract of Chondrostereum purpureum exhibited strong inhibitory activity against AF biosynthesis. Next, large-scale culturing of C. purpureum was performed to isolate the compounds accounting for the inhibitory activity. The culture filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate, after which the active compound was isolated by silica gel column chromatography and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The active compound was identified as cyclo(Val-Pro) by spectroscopic analyses. Further, four stereoisomers of cyclo(Val-Pro) were synthesized by the condensation of the N-Boc derivatives of d- and l-valine with the methyl esters of d- and l-proline. The naturally isolated compound was identified as cyclo(l-Val-l-Pro) by comparing its retention time with those of synthetic compounds by chiral HPLC analysis and CD spectra. The IC50 value of cyclo(L-Val-L-Pro) was 2.4 mM, whereas the LD, DL, and DD isomers exhibited weaker activities, with IC50 values of >5 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Matsuno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Naoki Endo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
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2
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Khan R. Mycotoxins in food: Occurrence, health implications, and control strategies-A comprehensive review. Toxicon 2024; 248:108038. [PMID: 39047955 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various filamentous fungi, including Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Alternaria, Claviceps, Mucor, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Myrothecium, Pyrenophora, and Stachybotrys. They can contaminate various plants or animal foods, resulting in a significant loss of nutritional and commercial value. Several factors contribute to mycotoxin production, such as humidity, temperature, oxygen levels, fungal species, and substrate. When contaminated food is consumed by animals and humans, mycotoxins are rapidly absorbed, affecting the liver, and causing metabolic disorders. The detrimental effects on humans and animals include reduced food intake and milk production, reduced fertility, increased risk of abortion, impaired immune response, and increased occurrence of diseases. Therefore, it is imperative to implement strategies for mycotoxin control, broadly classified as preventing fungal contamination and detoxifying their toxic compounds. This review aims to discuss various aspects of mycotoxins, including their occurrence, and risk potential. Additionally, it provides an overview of mycotoxin detoxification strategies, including the use of mycotoxin absorbents, as potential techniques to eliminate or mitigate the harmful effects of mycotoxins and masked mycotoxins on human and animal health while preserving the nutritional and commercial value of affected food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Khan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43300, Malaysia.
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3
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Wang X, Sahibzada KI, Du R, Lei Y, Wei S, Li N, Hu Y, Lv Y. Rhein Inhibits Cell Development and Aflatoxin Biosynthesis via Energy Supply Disruption and ROS Accumulation in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:285. [PMID: 39057925 PMCID: PMC11280830 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus and its carcinogenic secondary metabolites, aflatoxins, not only cause serious losses in the agricultural economy, but also endanger human health. Rhein, a compound extracted from the Chinese herbal medicine Rheum palmatum L. (Dahuang), exhibits good anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-oxidative effects. However, its effect and underlying mechanisms against Aspergillus flavus have not yet been fully illustrated. In this study, we characterized the inhibition effect of rhein on A. flavus mycelial growth, sporulation, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthesis and the potential mechanism using RNA-seq analysis. The results indicate that A. flavus mycelial growth and AFB1 biosynthesis were significantly inhibited by 50 μM rhein, with a 43.83% reduction in colony diameter and 87.2% reduction in AFB1 production. The RNA-seq findings demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes primarily participated in processes such as spore formation and development, the maintenance of cell wall and membrane integrity, management of oxidative stress, the regulation of the citric acid cycle, and the biosynthesis of aflatoxin. Biochemical verification experiments further confirmed that 50 μM rhein effectively disrupted cell wall and membrane integrity and caused mitochondrial dysfunction through disrupting energy metabolism pathways, leading to decreased ATP synthesis and ROS accumulation, resulting in impaired aflatoxin biosynthesis. In addition, a pathogenicity test showed that 50 μM rhein inhibited A. flavus spore growth in peanut and maize seeds by 34.1% and 90.4%, while AFB1 biosynthesis was inhibited by 60.52% and 99.43%, respectively. In conclusion, this research expands the knowledge regarding the antifungal activity of rhein and provides a new strategy to mitigate A. flavus contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kashif Iqbal Sahibzada
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Health Professional Technologies, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54570, Pakistan
| | - Ruibo Du
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yang Lei
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Shan Wei
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Na Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yangyong Lv
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
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4
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Li W, Chen Z, Li X, Li X, Hui Y, Chen W. The Biosynthesis, Structure Diversity and Bioactivity of Sterigmatocystins and Aflatoxins: A Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:396. [PMID: 38921382 PMCID: PMC11204465 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Sterigmatocystins and aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins mainly isolated from fungi of the genera Aspergillus. Since the discovery of sterigmatocystins in 1954 and aflatoxins in 1961, many scholars have conducted a series of studies on their structural identification, synthesis and biological activities. Studies have shown that sterigmatocystins and aflatoxins have a wide range of biological activities such as antitumour, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial, etc. The sterigmatocystins and aflatoxins had been shown to be hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic in animals. This review attempts to give a comprehensive summary of progress on the chemical structural features, synthesis, and bioactivity of sterigmatocystins and aflatoxins reported from 1954 to April 2024. A total of 72 sterigmatocystins and 20 aflatoxins are presented in this review. This paper reviews the chemical diversity and potential activity and toxicity of sterigmatocystins and aflatoxins, enhances the understanding of sterigmatocystins and aflatoxins that adversely affect humans and animals, and provides ideas for their prevention, research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.L.); (Z.C.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Zhaoxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.L.); (Z.C.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Xize Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.L.); (Z.C.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Xinrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.L.); (Z.C.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yang Hui
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.L.); (Z.C.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.L.); (Z.C.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
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5
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Khan R, Anwar F, Ghazali FM. A comprehensive review of mycotoxins: Toxicology, detection, and effective mitigation approaches. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28361. [PMID: 38628751 PMCID: PMC11019184 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, harmful compounds produced by fungal pathogens, pose a severe threat to food safety and consumer health. Some commonly produced mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and patulin have serious health implications in humans and animals. Mycotoxin contamination is particularly concerning in regions heavily reliant on staple foods like grains, cereals, and nuts. Preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for a sustainable food supply. Chromatographic methods like thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (LC/MS), are commonly used to detect mycotoxins; however, there is a need for on-site, rapid, and cost-effective detection methods. Currently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and biosensors are becoming popular analytical tools for rapid detection. Meanwhile, preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for food safety and a sustainable food supply. Physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been used to inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin production. However, new strains resistant to conventional methods have led to the exploration of novel strategies like cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) technology, polyphenols and flavonoids, magnetic materials and nanoparticles, and natural essential oils (NEOs). This paper reviews recent scientific research on mycotoxin toxicity, explores advancements in detecting mycotoxins in various foods, and evaluates the effectiveness of innovative mitigation strategies for controlling and detoxifying mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Khan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Farinazleen Mohamad Ghazali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
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Okechukwu VO, Adelusi OA, Kappo AP, Njobeh PB, Mamo MA. Aflatoxins: Occurrence, biosynthesis, mechanism of action and effects, conventional/emerging detection techniques. Food Chem 2024; 436:137775. [PMID: 37866099 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites prevalent in various food and agricultural products, posing significant challenges to global food safety. The detection and quantification of AFs through high-precision analytical techniques are crucial in mitigating AF contamination levels and associated health risks. Variousmethods,including conventional and emerging techniques, have been developed for detecting and quantifyingAFsinfood samples. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the global occurrence of AF in food commodities, covering their biosynthesis, mode of action, and effects on humans and animals. Additionally, the review discusses different conventional strategies, including chromatographic and immunochemical approaches, for AF quantification and identification in food samples. Furthermore, emerging AF detection strategies, such as solid-state gas sensors and electronic nose technologies, along with their applications, limitations, and future perspectives, were reviewed. Sample purification, along with their respective advantages and limitations, are also discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola O Okechukwu
- Department of Biochemistry, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Oluwasola A Adelusi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abidemi P Kappo
- Department of Biochemistry, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patrick B Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Messai A Mamo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, PO Box 2028, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
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7
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Liang L, Wang X, Lan H, Wei S, Lei Y, Zhang S, Zhai H, Hu Y, Lv Y. Comprehensive analysis of aflatoxin B 1 biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus via transcriptome-wide m 6A methylome response to cycloleucine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132677. [PMID: 37797576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus and its toxic aflatoxins secondary metabolites contaminate food and grains, posing a severe threat to human health and leading to liver cancer. Here, we demonstrated that cycloleucine blocked aflatoxin B1 synthesis by inhibiting N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification of messenger RNA (mRNA). m6A Methylation Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (m6A MeRIP-Seq)-based comprehensive transcriptome-wide m6A profiling identified 102 differentially expressed genes that underwent m6A modification, of which 22 hypermethylated genes were downregulated and 49 hypomethylated genes were upregulated, suggesting a negative correlation between m6A methylation and gene expression. Notably, cycloleucine inhibited aflatoxin B1 production via multiple targets. The m6A sites of several key genes involved in the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis pathway were significantly enriched in the coding sequence and around the stop codon, resulting in their downregulation. Furthermore, m6A methylation on genes related to the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis pathway led to reduced mRNA stability. Cycloleucine inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production highlights its potential as an agent for removing mycotoxins in environmental pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Aflatoxins, highly carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, frequently contaminate crops such as peanut, corn, wheat and sesame leading to irreversible loss in the quality and yield of agricultural products and posing serious threats to food safety. Aflatoxins has also been linked to developmental delays and liver cancer in humans. In our study, 'monitoring aflatoxin concentrations and its bioaccumulation in organisms' has been conducted. The results demonstrated that aflatoxin production in A. flavus was completely blocked after cycloleucine treatment. Additionally, we demonstrated that inhibition of aflatoxin was linked to N6-methyladenosine methylation of multiple genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuke Liang
- College of biological engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- College of biological engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haier Lan
- College of biological engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shan Wei
- College of biological engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yang Lei
- College of biological engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of biological engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huanchen Zhai
- College of biological engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of biological engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yangyong Lv
- College of biological engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Sun H, Chen J, Xiong D, Long M. Detoxification of Selenium Yeast on Mycotoxins and Heavy Metals: a Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:5441-5454. [PMID: 36662349 PMCID: PMC9854417 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by specific fungi. More than 400 different mycotoxins are known in the world, and the concentration of these toxins in food and feed often exceeds the acceptable limit, thus causing serious harm to animals and human body. At the same time, modern industrial agriculture will also bring a lot of environmental pollution in the development process, including the increase of heavy metal content, and often the clinical symptoms of low/medium level chronic heavy metal poisoning are not obvious, thus delaying the best treatment opportunity. However, the traditional ways of detoxification cannot completely eliminate the adverse effects of these toxins on the body, and sometimes bring some side effects, so it is essential to find a new type of safe antidote. Trace element selenium is among the essential mineral nutrient elements of human and animal bodies, which can effectively remove excessive free radicals and reactive oxygen species in the body, and has the effects of antioxidant, resisting stress, and improving body immunity. Selenium is common in nature in inorganic selenium and organic selenium. In previous studies, it was found that the use of inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) can play a certain protective role against mycotoxins and heavy metal poisoning. However, while it plays the role of antioxidant, it will also have adverse effects on the body. Therefore, it was found in the latest study that selenium yeast could not only replace the protective effect of sodium selenite on mycotoxins and heavy metal poisoning, but also improve the immunity of the body. Selenium yeast is an organic selenium source with high activity and low toxicity, which is produced by selenium relying on the cell protein structure of growing yeast. It not only has high absorption rate, but also can be stored in the body after meeting the physiological needs of the body for selenium, so as to avoid selenium deficiency again in the short term. However, few of these studies can clearly reveal the protective mechanism of yeast selenium. In this paper, the detoxification mechanism of selenium yeast on mycotoxins and heavy metal poisoning was reviewed, which provided some theoretical support for further understanding of the biological function of selenium yeast and its replacement for inorganic selenium. The conclusions suggest that selenium yeast can effectively alleviate the oxidative damage by regulating different signaling pathways, improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes, reversing the content of inflammatory factors, regulating the protein expression of apoptosis-related genes, and reducing the accumulation of mycotoxins and heavy metals in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongwei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 People’s Republic of China
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9
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Gil-Durán C, Palma D, Marcano Y, Palacios JL, Martínez C, Rojas-Aedo JF, Levicán G, Vaca I, Chávez R. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Disruption of the pcz1 Gene and Its Impact on Growth, Development, and Penicillin Production in Penicillium rubens. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1010. [PMID: 37888266 PMCID: PMC10607824 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium rubens is a filamentous fungus of great biotechnological importance due to its role as an industrial producer of the antibiotic penicillin. However, despite its significance, our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing biological processes in this fungus is still limited. In fungi, zinc finger proteins containing a Zn(II)2Cys6 domain are particularly interesting regulators. Although the P. rubens genome harbors many genes encoding proteins with this domain, only two of them have been investigated thus far. In this study, we employed CRISPR-Cas9 technology to disrupt the pcz1 gene, which encodes a Zn(II)2Cys6 protein in P. rubens. The disruption of pcz1 resulted in a decrease in the production of penicillin in P. rubens. This decrease in penicillin production was accompanied by the downregulation of the expression of pcbAB, pcbC and penDE genes, which form the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for penicillin production. Moreover, the disruption of pcz1 also impacts on asexual development, leading to decreased growth and conidiation, as well as enhanced conidial germination. Collectively, our results indicate that pcz1 acts as a positive regulator of penicillin production, growth, and conidiation, while functioning as a negative regulator of conidial germination in P. rubens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report involving a gene encoding a Zn(II)2Cys6 protein in the regulation of penicillin biosynthesis in P. rubens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gil-Durán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (C.G.-D.); (Y.M.); (J.F.R.-A.); (G.L.)
| | - Diego Palma
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Yudethzi Marcano
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (C.G.-D.); (Y.M.); (J.F.R.-A.); (G.L.)
| | - José-Luis Palacios
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (J.-L.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudio Martínez
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (J.-L.P.); (C.M.)
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad Tecnológica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Juan F. Rojas-Aedo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (C.G.-D.); (Y.M.); (J.F.R.-A.); (G.L.)
| | - Gloria Levicán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (C.G.-D.); (Y.M.); (J.F.R.-A.); (G.L.)
| | - Inmaculada Vaca
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Renato Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (C.G.-D.); (Y.M.); (J.F.R.-A.); (G.L.)
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10
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Corbu VM, Gheorghe-Barbu I, Dumbravă AȘ, Vrâncianu CO, Șesan TE. Current Insights in Fungal Importance-A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1384. [PMID: 37374886 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides plants and animals, the Fungi kingdom describes several species characterized by various forms and applications. They can be found in all habitats and play an essential role in the excellent functioning of the ecosystem, for example, as decomposers of plant material for the cycling of carbon and nutrients or as symbionts of plants. Furthermore, fungi have been used in many sectors for centuries, from producing food, beverages, and medications. Recently, they have gained significant recognition for protecting the environment, agriculture, and several industrial applications. The current article intends to review the beneficial roles of fungi used for a vast range of applications, such as the production of several enzymes and pigments, applications regarding food and pharmaceutical industries, the environment, and research domains, as well as the negative impacts of fungi (secondary metabolites production, etiological agents of diseases in plants, animals, and humans, as well as deteriogenic agents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Maria Corbu
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Gheorghe-Barbu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Ștefania Dumbravă
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corneliu Ovidiu Vrâncianu
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest-ICUB, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tatiana Eugenia Șesan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, 61 Bd. Mărăşti, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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11
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Prasad K, Yogendra K, Sanivarapu H, Rajasekaran K, Cary JW, Sharma KK, Bhatnagar-Mathur P. Multiplexed Host-Induced Gene Silencing of Aspergillus flavus Genes Confers Aflatoxin Resistance in Groundnut. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050319. [PMID: 37235354 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are immunosuppressive and carcinogenic secondary metabolites, produced by the filamentous ascomycete Aspergillus flavus, that are hazardous to animal and human health. In this study, we show that multiplexed host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) of Aspergillus flavus genes essential for fungal sporulation and aflatoxin production (nsdC, veA, aflR, and aflM) confers enhanced resistance to Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination in groundnut (<20 ppb). Comparative proteomic analysis of contrasting groundnut genotypes (WT and near-isogenic HIGS lines) supported a better understanding of the molecular processes underlying the induced resistance and identified several groundnut metabolites that might play a significant role in resistance to Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination. Fungal differentiation and pathogenicity proteins, including calmodulin, transcriptional activator-HacA, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase 2, VeA, VelC, and several aflatoxin pathway biosynthetic enzymes, were downregulated in Aspergillus infecting the HIGS lines. Additionally, in the resistant HIGS lines, a number of host resistance proteins associated with fatty acid metabolism were strongly induced, including phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase, lysophosphatidic acyltransferase-5, palmitoyl-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol Δ-7 desaturase, ceramide kinase-related protein, sphingolipid Δ-8 desaturase, and phospholipase-D. Combined, this knowledge can be used for groundnut pre-breeding and breeding programs to provide a safe and secure food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Prasad
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Kalenahalli Yogendra
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Hemalatha Sanivarapu
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Kanniah Rajasekaran
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA/ARS), New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Cary
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA/ARS), New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Kiran K Sharma
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India Habitat Center, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Pooja Bhatnagar-Mathur
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batán, Texcoco 56237, Mexico
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12
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Al-Zaban MI. Impacts of Temperature and Water Activity Interactions on Growth, Aflatoxin B1 Production and Expression of Major Biosynthetic Genes of AFB1 in Aspergillus flavus Isolates. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1199. [PMID: 37317174 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The contamination of peanuts, with Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxins (AFs) is considered to be one of the most serious, safety problems in the world. Water activity (aw) and temperature are limiting, factors for fungal growth and aflatoxin production during storage. The objectives of this study were to integrate data on the effects of temperature (34, 37, and 42 °C) and water activity (aw; 0.85, 0.90, and 0.95) on growth rate aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production and up- or-downregulation of the molecular expression of biosynthetic AFB1 genes divided into three types based on their A. flavus isolate composition and AFB1 capacity in vitro: A. flavus KSU114 (high producer), A. flavus KSU114 (low producer), and A. flavus KSU121 (non-producer). The A. flavus isolates were shown to be resilient in terms of growth on yeast extract sucrose agar media when exposed to temperature and water activity as pivotal environmental factors. The optimal conditions for the fungal growth of three isolates were a temperature of 34 °C and water activity of 0.95 aw; there was very slow fungal growth at the highest temperature of 42 °C, with different aw values causing inhibited fungal growth. The AFB1 production for the three isolates followed the same pattern with one exception: A. flavus KSU114 failed to produce any AFB1 at 42 °C with different aw values. All tested genes of A. flavus were significantly up- or downregulated under three levels of interaction between temperature and aw. The late structural genes of the pathway were significantly upregulated at 34 °C under aw 0.95, although aflR, aflS and most of the early structural genes were upregulated. Compared to 34 °C with an aw value of 0.95, most of the expressed genes were significantly downregulated at 37 and 42 °C with aw values of 0.85 and 0.90. Additionally, two regulatory genes were downregulated under the same conditions. The expression level of laeA was also completely associated with AFB1 production, while the expression level of brlA was linked to A. flavus colonization. This information is required to forecast the actual effects of climate change on A. flavus. The findings can be applied to improve specific food technology processes and create prevention strategies to limit the concentrations of potential carcinogenic substances in peanuts and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayasar I Al-Zaban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Ouadhene MA, Ortega-Beltran A, Sanna M, Cotty PJ, Battilani P. Multiple Year Influences of the Aflatoxin Biocontrol Product AF-X1 on the A. flavus Communities Associated with Maize Production in Italy. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:184. [PMID: 36977075 PMCID: PMC10057891 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AF-X1 is a commercial aflatoxin biocontrol product containing the non-aflatoxigenic (AF-) strain of Aspergillus flavus MUCL54911 (VCG IT006), endemic to Italy, as an active ingredient. The present study aimed to evaluate the long-term persistence of VCG IT006 in the treated fields, and the multi-year influence of the biocontrol application on the A. flavus population. Soil samples were collected in 2020 and 2021 from 28 fields located in four provinces in north Italy. A vegetative compatibility analysis was conducted to monitor the occurrence of VCG IT006 on the total of the 399 isolates of A. flavus that were collected. IT006 was present in all the fields, mainly in the fields treated for 1 yr or 2 consecutive yrs (58% and 63%, respectively). The densities of the toxigenic isolates, detected using the aflR gene, were 45% vs. 22% in the untreated and treated fields, respectively. After displacement via the AF- deployment, a variability from 7% to 32% was noticed in the toxigenic isolates. The current findings support the long-term durability of the biocontrol application benefits without deleterious effects on each fungal population. Nevertheless, based on the current results, as well as on previous studies, the yearly applications of AF-X1 to Italian commercial maize fields should continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Ouadhene
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Martina Sanna
- AGROINNOVA—Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Peter J. Cotty
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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14
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Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B1 in Maize Grains and Suppression of Its Biosynthesis-Related Genes Using Endophytic Trichoderma harzianum AYM3. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020209. [PMID: 36836323 PMCID: PMC9964583 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is one of the most deleterious types of mycotoxins. The application of an endophytic fungus for biodegradation or biosuppression of AFB1 production by Aspergillus flavus was investigated. About 10 endophytic fungal species, isolated from healthy maize plants, were screened for their in vitro AFs-degrading activity using coumarin medium. The highest degradation potential was recorded for Trichoderma sp. (76.8%). This endophyte was identified using the rDNA-ITS sequence as Trichoderma harzianum AYM3 and assigned an accession no. of ON203053. It caused a 65% inhibition in the growth of A. flavus AYM2 in vitro. HPLC analysis revealed that T. harzianum AYM3 had a biodegradation potential against AFB1. Co-culturing of T. harazianum AYM3 and A. flavus AYM2 on maize grains led to a significant suppression (67%) in AFB1 production. GC-MS analysis identified two AFB1-suppressing compounds, acetic acid and n-propyl acetate. Investigating effect on the transcriptional expression of five AFB1 biosynthesis-related genes in A. flavus AYM2 revealed the downregulating effects of T. harzianum AYM3 metabolites on expression of aflP and aflS genes. Using HepaRG cell line, the cytotoxicity assay indicated that T. harazianum AYM3 metabolites were safe. Based on these results, it can be concluded that T. harzianum AYM3 may be used to suppress AFB1 production in maize grains.
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15
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Schincaglia A, Aspromonte J, Franchina FA, Chenet T, Pasti L, Cavazzini A, Purcaro G, Beccaria M. Current Developments of Analytical Methodologies for Aflatoxins' Determination in Food during the Last Decade (2013-2022), with a Particular Focus on Nuts and Nut Products. Foods 2023; 12:527. [PMID: 36766055 PMCID: PMC9914313 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide a clear overview of the most important analytical development in aflatoxins analysis during the last decade (2013-2022) with a particular focus on nuts and nuts-related products. Aflatoxins (AFs), a group of mycotoxins produced mainly by certain strains of the genus Aspergillus fungi, are known to impose a serious threat to human health. Indeed, AFs are considered carcinogenic to humans, group 1, by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Since these toxins can be found in different food commodities, food control organizations worldwide impose maximum levels of AFs for commodities affected by this threat. Thus, they represent a cumbersome issue in terms of quality control, analytical result reliability, and economical losses. It is, therefore, mandatory for food industries to perform analysis on potentially contaminated commodities before the trade. A full perspective of the whole analytical workflow, considering each crucial step during AFs investigation, namely sampling, sample preparation, separation, and detection, will be presented to the reader, focusing on the main challenges related to the topic. A discussion will be primarily held regarding sample preparation methodologies such as partitioning, solid phase extraction (SPE), and immunoaffinity (IA) related methods. This will be followed by an overview of the leading analytical techniques for the detection of aflatoxins, in particular liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to a fluorescence detector (FLD) and/or mass spectrometry (MS). Moreover, the focus on the analytical procedure will not be specific only to traditional methodologies, such as LC, but also to new direct approaches based on imaging and the ability to detect AFs, reducing the need for sample preparation and separative techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schincaglia
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Juan Aspromonte
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CIC-PBA, CONICET, Calle 47 Esq. 115, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Flavio A. Franchina
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tatiana Chenet
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marco Beccaria
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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16
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Loi M, Logrieco AF, Pusztahelyi T, Leiter É, Hornok L, Pócsi I. Advanced mycotoxin control and decontamination techniques in view of an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe due to climate change. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1085891. [PMID: 36762096 PMCID: PMC9907446 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1085891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus spp. found in staple food and feed commodities worldwide. Aflatoxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, and pose a serious threat to the health of both humans and animals. The global economy and trade are significantly affected as well. Various models and datasets related to aflatoxins in maize have been developed and used but have not yet been linked. The prevention of crop loss due to aflatoxin contamination is complex and challenging. Hence, the set-up of advanced decontamination is crucial to cope with the challenge of climate change, growing population, unstable political scenarios, and food security problems also in European countries. After harvest, decontamination methods can be applied during transport, storage, or processing, but their application for aflatoxin reduction is still limited. Therefore, this review aims to investigate the effects of environmental factors on aflatoxin production because of climate change and to critically discuss the present-day and novel decontamination techniques to unravel gaps and limitations to propose them as a tool to tackle an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Loi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy,*Correspondence: Martina Loi, ✉
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Leiter
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,ELRN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Hornok
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,ELRN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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17
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Niu C, Xing X, Yang X, Zheng F, Liu C, Wang J, Li Q. Isolation, identification and application of Aspergillus oryzae BL18 with high protease activity as starter culture in doubanjiang (broad bean paste) fermentation. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Yoshinari T, Watanabe M, Hara-Kudo Y. Cross-genus inhibitory activity of polyoxins against aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus and fumonisin production by Fusarium fujikuroi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6596283. [PMID: 35641197 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin is a health concern where corn is a staple food, and a method to prevent co-contamination of these mycotoxins in foods is urgently needed. Polyoxins are chitin synthase inhibitors produced by Streptomyces cacaoi var. asoensis. The aflatoxin production inhibitory activity of a commercially available polyoxin D and four polyoxins purified from polyoxin AL water-soluble powder, an agricultural chemical containing polyoxins, was tested. The five polyoxins dose-dependently inhibited aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus and the IC50 values of polyoxin A, B, D, K and L were 16, 74, 110, 9 and 280 µmol L-1, respectively. Polyoxins also inhibited fumonisin production by Fusarium fujikuroi, and the IC50 values of polyoxin B, D, K and L were 270, 42, 65 and 62 µmol L-1, respectively. Polyoxins repressed the transcription of genes encoding proteins required for aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. parasiticus and fumonisin biosynthesis in F. fujikuroi. Polyoxin K and D also inhibited conidiation in A. parasiticus and F. fujikuroi, respectively. These results suggest that a mixture of polyoxins may effectively prevent co-contamination of aflatoxin and fumonisin in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yoshinari
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Maiko Watanabe
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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19
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Systematic Characterization of bZIP Transcription Factors Required for Development and Aflatoxin Generation by High-Throughput Gene Knockout in Aspergillus flavus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040356. [PMID: 35448587 PMCID: PMC9031554 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) is an important transcription factor required for fungal development, nutrient utilization, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and defense against various stresses. Aspergillus flavus is a major producer of aflatoxin and an opportunistic fungus on a wide range of hosts. However, little is known about the role of most bZIP genes in A. flavus. In this study, we developed a high-throughput gene knockout method based on an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Gene knockout construction by yeast recombinational cloning and screening of the null mutants by double fluorescence provides an efficient way to construct gene-deleted mutants for this multinucleate fungus. We deleted 15 bZIP genes in A. flavus. Twelve of these genes were identified and characterized in this strain for the first time. The phenotypic analysis of these mutants showed that the 15 bZIP genes play a diverse role in mycelial growth (eight genes), conidiation (13 genes), aflatoxin biosynthesis (10 genes), oxidative stress response (11 genes), cell wall stress (five genes), osmotic stress (three genes), acid and alkali stress (four genes), and virulence to kernels (nine genes). Impressively, all 15 genes were involved in the development of sclerotia, and the respective deletion mutants of five of them did not produce sclerotia. Moreover, MetR was involved in this biological process. In addition, HapX and MetR play important roles in the adaptation to excessive iron and sulfur metabolism, respectively. These studies provide comprehensive insights into the role of bZIP transcription factors in this aflatoxigenic fungus of global significance.
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20
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Shen L, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Ruprich-Robert G, Chen Q, Chen S, Adnan M, Wang J, Liu G, Xie N. Involvement of VIVID in white light-responsive pigmentation, sexual development and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:2907-2923. [PMID: 35315561 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Light serves as a source of information and regulates diverse physiological processes in living organisms. Fungi perceive and respond to light through a complex photosensory system. Fungi have evolved the desensitization mechanism to adapt to the changing light signal in a natural environment. White light exerts multiple essential impacts on the model filamentous fungus P. anserina. However, the light sensing and response in this species has not been investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that the loss of function of the light desensitization protein VIVID (VVD) in P. anserina triggered exacerbated light responses, and therefore led to drastic morphological and physiological changes. The white light-sensitive mutant Δvvd showed growth reduction, spermatia overproduction, enhanced hyphae pigmentation and reduced oxidative stress tolerance. We observed the decreased expression level of sterigmatocystin gene cluster by transcriptome analysis, and finally detected the reduced production of sterigmatocystin in Δvvd in response to white light. Our data indicate that VVD acts as a repressor of white collar complex. This study exhibits a vital role of VVD in governing white light-responsive gene expression and secondary metabolite production, and contributes to a better understanding of the photoreceptor VVD in P. anserina. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.,College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Florence Chapeland-Leclerc
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 8236, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Gwenaël Ruprich-Robert
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 8236, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Qiyi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
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21
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Al-Owaisi A, Al-Sadi AM, Al-Sabahi JN, Sathish Babu SP, Al-Harrasi MMA, Hashil Al-Mahmooli I, Abdel-Jalil R, Velazhahan R. In vitro detoxification of aflatoxin B1 by aqueous extracts of medicinal herbs. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2049900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Al-Owaisi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Jamal Nasser Al-Sabahi
- Central Analytical Laboratory, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - S. P. Sathish Babu
- Central Analytical and Applied Research Unit, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Majida Mohammed Ali Al-Harrasi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Issa Hashil Al-Mahmooli
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Raid Abdel-Jalil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rethinasamy Velazhahan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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Chen Y, Li P, He W, Liao L, Xia B, Jiang L, Liu Y. Analysis of microbial community and the characterization of Aspergillus flavus in Liuyang Douchi during fermentation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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