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Astacio JD, Melgarejo P, De Cal A, Espeso EA. Monilinia fructicola genes involved in the cell wall-degrading process in early nectarine infection. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 419:110750. [PMID: 38776709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Brown rot symptoms may be linked to alterations in the gene expression pattern of genes associated with cell wall degradation. In this study, we identify key carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) involved in cell wall degradation by Monilinia fructicola, including pme2 and pme3 (pectin methylesterases), cut1 (cutinase) and nep2 (necrosis-inducing factor). The expression of these genes is significantly modulated by red and blue light during early nectarine infection. The polygalacturonase gene pg1 and the cellulase gene cel1 also exhibit photoinduction albeit to a lesser extent. Red and blue light cause an acceleration in the initial stages of brown rot development caused by M. fructicola on nectarines. Disease symptoms like tissue maceration were evident after an incubation period of 24 h followed by 14 h of light exposition, in contrast to the usual incubation period of 48 to 72 h. Furthermore, the culture media exerts an impact on gene regulation, suggesting a complex interplay between light and nutrient signalling pathways in M. fructicola. In addition, we observe that red light promotes colony growth on a 12 h photoperiod and consistently reduces conidiation. In contrast, blue light hampers growth rate on both the 12 h and the 8 h photoperiod but only diminishes conidiation on the 12 h photoperiod. These findings enhance our comprehension of genes associated with cell wall degradation and the environmental factors influencing brown rot development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego Astacio
- Grupo de Hongos Fitopatógenos, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Centro Nacional INIA-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Programa Biotecnología y Recursos Genéticos de Plantas y Microorganismos Asociados, ETSIA, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Melgarejo
- Grupo de Hongos Fitopatógenos, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Centro Nacional INIA-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonieta De Cal
- Grupo de Hongos Fitopatógenos, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Centro Nacional INIA-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Antonio Espeso
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular de Aspergillus, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Kupčinskienė A, Brazaitytė A, Rasiukevičiūtė N, Valiuškaitė A, Morkeliūnė A, Vaštakaitė-Kairienė V. Vegetation Indices for Early Grey Mould Detection in Lettuce Grown under Different Lighting Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4042. [PMID: 38068676 PMCID: PMC10871106 DOI: 10.3390/plants12234042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Early detection of pathogenic fungi in controlled environment areas can prevent major food production losses. Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is often detected as an infection on lettuce. This paper explores the use of vegetation indices for early detection and monitoring of grey mould on lettuce under different lighting conditions in controlled environment chambers. The aim was focused on the potential of using vegetation indices for the early detection of grey mould and on evaluating their changes during disease development in lettuce grown under different lighting conditions. The experiment took place in controlled environment chambers, where day/night temperatures were 21 ± 2/17 ± 2 °C, a 16 h photoperiod was established, and relative humidity was 70 ± 10% under different lighting conditions: high-pressure sodium (HPS) and light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. Lettuces were inoculated by 7-day-old fungus Botrytis cinerea isolate at the BBCH 21. As a control, non-inoculated lettuces were grown under HPS and LEDs (non-inoculated). Then, the following were evaluated: Anthocyanin Reflectance Index 2 (ARI2); Carotenoid Reflectance Index 2 (CRI2); Structure Intensive Pigment Index (SIPI); Flavanol Reflectance Index (FRI); Greenness (G); Greenness 2 (G2); Redness (R); Blue (B); Blue Green Index 2 (BGI2); Browning Index 2 (BRI2); Lichtenthaler Index 1 (LIC1); Pigment Specific Simple Ratio (PSSRa and PSSRb); Gitelson and Merzlyak (GM1 and GM2); Zarco Tejada-Miller Index (ZMI); Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); Simple Ratio (SR); Red-Eye Vegetation Stress Index (RVSI); Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI); Photochemical Reflectance Index 515 (PRI515); Water Band Index (WBI); specific disease index for individual study (fD); Healthy Index (HI); Plant Senescence Reflectance (PSRI); Vogelmann Red Edge Index (VREI1); Red Edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (RENDVI); and Modified Red Edge Simple Ratio (MRESRI). Our results showed that the PSRI and fD vegetation indices significantly detected grey mould on lettuce grown under both lighting systems (HPS and LEDs) the day after inoculation. The results conclusively affirmed that NDVI, PSRI, HI, fD, WBI, RVSI, PRI, PRI515, CRI2, SIPI, chlorophyll index PSSRb, and coloration index B were identified as the best indicators for Botrytis cinerea infection on green-leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv Little Gem) at the early stage of inoculated lettuce's antioxidative response against grey mould with a significant increase in chlorophyll indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Kupčinskienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, Kaunas Str. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Lithuania; (A.B.); (N.R.); (A.V.); (A.M.); (V.V.-K.)
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Li H, Shen X, Wu W, Zhang W, Wang Y. Ras2 Is Responsible for the Environmental Responses, Melanin Metabolism, and Virulence of Botrytis cinerea. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040432. [PMID: 37108887 PMCID: PMC10142356 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins are monomeric G proteins that are ubiquitous in fungal cells and play important roles in fungal growth, virulence, and environmental responses. Botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus that infects various crops. However, under specific environmental conditions, the overripe grapes infected by B. cinerea can be used to brew valuable noble rot wine. As a Ras protein, the role of Bcras2 in the environmental responses of B. cinerea is poorly understood. In this study, we deleted the Bcras2 gene using homologous recombination and examined its functions. Downstream genes regulated by Bcras2 were explored using RNA sequencing transcriptomics. It was found that ΔBcras2 deletion mutants showed significantly reduced growth rate, increased sclerotia production, decreased resistance to oxidative stress, and enhanced resistance to cell wall stress. Additionally, Bcras2 deletion promoted the expression of melanin-related genes in sclerotia and decreased the expression of melanin-related genes in conidia. The above results indicate that Bcras2 positively regulates growth, oxidative stress resistance, and conidial melanin-related genes expression, and negatively regulates sclerotia production, cell wall stress resistance and sclerotial melanin-related genes expression. These results revealed previously unknown functions of Bcras2 in environmental responses and melanin metabolism in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xuemei Shen
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wenjia Wu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wanyu Zhang
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yousheng Wang
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Rizhao Huawei Institute of Comprehensive Health Industries, Shandong Keepfit Biotech. Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1068984905
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Chen J, Ran F, Shi J, Chen T, Zhao Z, Zhang Z, He L, Li W, Wang B, Chen X, Wang W, Long Y. Identification of the Causal Agent of Brown Leaf Spot on Kiwifruit and Its Sensitivity to Different Active Ingredients of Biological Fungicides. Pathogens 2022; 11:673. [PMID: 35745527 PMCID: PMC9229313 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is an important commercial crop in China, and the occurrence of diseases may cause significant economic loss in its production. In the present study, a new pathogen that causes brown leaf spot disease on kiwifruit was reported. The fungus was isolated from an infected sample and identified as Fusarium graminearum based on morphological and molecular evaluation. Koch's postulates were confirmed when the pathogen was re-isolated from plants with artificially induced symptoms and identified as F. graminearum. Based on the biological characteristics of the pathogen, it was determined that: its optimal growth temperature was 25 °C; optimal pH was 7; most suitable carbon source was soluble starch; most suitable nitrogen source was yeast powder; and best photoperiod was 12 h light/12 h dark. Further investigations were conducted by determining 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of several active ingredients of biological fungicides against F. graminearum. The results showed that among the studied fungicides, tetramycin and honokiol had the highest antifungal activity against this pathogen. Our findings provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of brown leaf spot disease on kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.C.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.); (W.L.); (B.W.); (X.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Fei Ran
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.C.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.); (W.L.); (B.W.); (X.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Jinqiao Shi
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.C.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.); (W.L.); (B.W.); (X.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Tingting Chen
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.C.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.); (W.L.); (B.W.); (X.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Zhibo Zhao
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.C.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.); (W.L.); (B.W.); (X.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Zhuzhu Zhang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.C.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.); (W.L.); (B.W.); (X.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Linan He
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.C.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.); (W.L.); (B.W.); (X.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.C.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.); (W.L.); (B.W.); (X.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Bingce Wang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.C.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.); (W.L.); (B.W.); (X.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Xuetang Chen
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.C.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.); (W.L.); (B.W.); (X.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Weizhen Wang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.C.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.); (W.L.); (B.W.); (X.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Youhua Long
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.C.); (F.R.); (J.S.); (T.C.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.H.); (W.L.); (B.W.); (X.C.); (W.W.)
- Teaching Experimental Field of Guizhou University, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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