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Barashkova AS, Smirnov AN, Rogozhin EA. Complex of Defense Polypeptides of Wheatgrass ( Elytrigia elongata) Associated with Plant Immunity to Biotic and Abiotic Stress Factors. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2459. [PMID: 39273943 PMCID: PMC11396971 DOI: 10.3390/plants13172459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Plant defense polypeptides play a crucial role in providing plants with constitutive immunity against various biotic and abiotic stressors. In this study, we explored a complex of proteins from wheatgrass (Elytrigia elongata) spikelets to estimate their role in the plant's tolerance to various environmental factors. The current research shows that in vitro protein extracts from E. elongata spikelets possess antifungal activity against certain Fusarium species, which are specific cereal pathogens, at concentrations of 1-2 mg/mL. In this study, we reproduced these antifungal activities using a 4 mg/mL extract in artificial fungal infection experiments on wheat grain (Triticum aestivum) under controlled laboratory conditions. Furthermore, the tested extract demonstrated a protective effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to hyper-salinity stress at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. A combined scheme of fractionation and structural identification was applied for the estimation of the diversity of defense polypeptides. Defensins, lipid-transfer proteins, hydrolase inhibitors (cereal bifunctional trypsin/alpha-amylase inhibitors from a Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor), and high-molecular-weight disease resistance proteins were isolated from the extract. Thus, wheatgrass spikelets appear to be a reservoir of defense polypeptides. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of plant defense proteins and peptides and their involvement in the adaptation to various stress factors, and they reveal the regulatory effect at the ecosystem level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Barashkova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey N Smirnov
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Timiryazev Russian State Agrarian University, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene A Rogozhin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, 152742 Borok, Russia
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Çelik A, Çakar D, Derviş S, Morca AF, Akıllı Şimşek S, Romon-Ochoa P, Özer G. New Detection Methods for Cryphonectria Hypovirus 1 (CHV1) through SYBR Green-Based Real-Time PCR and Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP). Viruses 2024; 16:1203. [PMID: 39205177 PMCID: PMC11360611 DOI: 10.3390/v16081203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Some mycoviruses can be considered as effective biocontrol agents, mitigating the impact of phytopathogenic fungi and consequently reducing disease outbreaks while promoting plant health. Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight and a highly destructive pathogen, experienced a notable decrease in its virulence with the identification of cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1), a naturally occurring biocontrol agent. In this study, two innovative diagnostic protocols designed for the accurate and efficient detection of CHV1 are introduced. The ORF A and ORF B regions of CHV1 are targeted by these techniques, which employ colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with 2 Colorimetric LAMP Master Mix and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) with SYBR Green chemistry, respectively. The LAMP assay presents a discernible color transition, changing from pink to yellow after a 35 min incubation period. Comparative analysis, when assessed against two established reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) techniques, reveals a significant enhancement in sensitivity for both the LAMP approach, which offers a tenfold increase, and the qPCR method, which showcases a remarkable 100-fold sensitivity improvement. Throughout the comparison phase, it was evident that the RT-PCR, LAMP, and qPCR procedures displayed superior performance compared to the Bavendamm test, relying on phenol oxidase activity, effectively distinguishing hypovirulent strains. Consequently, this study introduces two pioneer diagnostic assays for highly sensitive CHV1 detection, representing a substantial advancement in the realm of CHV1 surveillance techniques. These methodologies hold significant promise for enhancing research endeavors in the domain of the biological control of C. parasitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Çelik
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Türkiye
| | - Deniz Çakar
- Central Research Laboratory Application and Research Center, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı 18100, Türkiye
| | - Sibel Derviş
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Kızıltepe Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin 47000, Türkiye
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Vocational School of Kızıltepe, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin 47000, Türkiye
| | - Ali Ferhan Morca
- Directorate of Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Gayret Mah. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bulv., Yenimahalle, Ankara 06172, Türkiye
| | - Seçil Akıllı Şimşek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı 18100, Türkiye
| | - Pedro Romon-Ochoa
- Forest Research, Plant Pathology Department, Alice Holt Research Station, Farnham GU10 4LH, UK
| | - Göksel Özer
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Türkiye
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Dehbi I, Achemrk O, Ezzouggari R, El Jarroudi M, Mokrini F, Legrifi I, Belabess Z, Laasli SE, Mazouz H, Lahlali R. Beneficial Microorganisms as Bioprotectants against Foliar Diseases of Cereals: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4162. [PMID: 38140489 PMCID: PMC10747484 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Cereal production plays a major role in both animal and human diets throughout the world. However, cereal crops are vulnerable to attacks by fungal pathogens on the foliage, disrupting their biological cycle and photosynthesis, which can reduce yields by 15-20% or even 60%. Consumers are concerned about the excessive use of synthetic pesticides given their harmful effects on human health and the environment. As a result, the search for alternative solutions to protect crops has attracted the interest of scientists around the world. Among these solutions, biological control using beneficial microorganisms has taken on considerable importance, and several biological control agents (BCAs) have been studied, including species belonging to the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, and Epicoccum, most of which include plants of growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs). Bacillus has proved to be a broad-spectrum agent against these leaf cereal diseases. Interaction between plant and beneficial agents occurs as direct mycoparasitism or hyperparasitism by a mixed pathway via the secretion of lytic enzymes, growth enzymes, and antibiotics, or by an indirect interaction involving competition for nutrients or space and the induction of host resistance (systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or induced systemic resistance (ISR) pathway). We mainly demonstrate the role of BCAs in the defense against fungal diseases of cereal leaves. To enhance a solution-based crop protection approach, it is also important to understand the mechanism of action of BCAs/molecules/plants. Research in the field of preventing cereal diseases is still ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Dehbi
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole National of Agriculture Meknes, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknes 50001, Morocco; (I.D.); (O.A.); (R.E.); (I.L.); (S.-E.L.)
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, BP 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50000, Morocco;
| | - Oussama Achemrk
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole National of Agriculture Meknes, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknes 50001, Morocco; (I.D.); (O.A.); (R.E.); (I.L.); (S.-E.L.)
| | - Rachid Ezzouggari
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole National of Agriculture Meknes, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknes 50001, Morocco; (I.D.); (O.A.); (R.E.); (I.L.); (S.-E.L.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation, and Valorization of Natural Resources (LBCVNR), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Moussa El Jarroudi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, SPHERES Research Unit, University of Liège, 6700 Arlon, Belgium;
| | - Fouad Mokrini
- Biotechnology Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research, INRA–Morocco, Rabat 10080, Morocco;
| | - Ikram Legrifi
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole National of Agriculture Meknes, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknes 50001, Morocco; (I.D.); (O.A.); (R.E.); (I.L.); (S.-E.L.)
| | - Zineb Belabess
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Meknes, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Km 13, Route Haj Kaddour, BP 578, Meknes 50001, Morocco;
| | - Salah-Eddine Laasli
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole National of Agriculture Meknes, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknes 50001, Morocco; (I.D.); (O.A.); (R.E.); (I.L.); (S.-E.L.)
| | - Hamid Mazouz
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, BP 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50000, Morocco;
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole National of Agriculture Meknes, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknes 50001, Morocco; (I.D.); (O.A.); (R.E.); (I.L.); (S.-E.L.)
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Development of Diagnostic Markers and Applied for Genetic Diversity Study and Population Structure of Bipolaris sorokiniana Associated with Leaf Blight Complex of Wheat. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020153. [PMID: 36836268 PMCID: PMC9968152 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolaris sorokiniana, a key pathogenic fungus in the wheat leaf blight complex, was the subject of research that resulted in the development of fifty-five polymorphic microsatellite markers. These markers were then used to examine genetic diversity and population structure in Indian geographical regions. The simple sequence repeat (SSR) like trinucleotides, dinucleotides, and tetranucleotides accounted for 43.37% (1256), 23.86% (691), and 16.54% (479) of the 2896 microsatellite repeats, respectively. There were 109 alleles produced by these loci overall, averaging 2.36 alleles per microsatellite marker. The average polymorphism information content value was 0.3451, with values ranging from 0.1319 to 0.5932. The loci's Shannon diversity varied from 0.2712 to 1.2415. These 36 isolates were divided into two main groups using population structure analysis and unweighted neighbour joining. The groupings were not based on where the isolates came from geographically. Only 7% of the overall variation was found to be between populations, according to an analysis of molecular variance. The high amount of gene flow estimate (NM = 3.261 per generation) among populations demonstrated low genetic differentiation in the entire populations (FST = 0.071). The findings indicate that genetic diversity is often minimal. In order to examine the genetic diversity and population structure of the B. sorokiniana populations, the recently produced microsatellite markers will be helpful. This study's findings may serve as a foundation for developing improved management plans for the leaf blight complex and spot blotch of wheat diseases in India.
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Fungal Pathogens Associated with Crown and Root Rot of Wheat in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Kazakhstan. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050417. [PMID: 35628673 PMCID: PMC9143578 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kazakhstan is the fourteenth largest wheat producer in the world. Despite this fact, there has not been a comprehensive survey of wheat root and crown rot. A quantitative survey was conducted for the purpose of establishing the distribution of fungi associated with root and crown rot on wheat (Triticum spp.). During the 2019 growing season, samples were taken from the affected plants’ roots and stem bases. A total of 1221 fungal isolates were acquired from 65 sites across the central (Karagandy region), eastern (East Kazakhstan region), and southeastern (Almaty region) parts of the country and identified using morphological and molecular tools. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) sequences were successfully used to identify the species of fungal isolates. It was found that Bipolaris sorokiniana (44.80%) and Fusarium acuminatum (20.39%) were the most predominant fungal species isolated, which were present in 86.15 and 66.15% of the fields surveyed, respectively, followed by F. equiseti (10.16%), Curvularia spicifera (7.62%), F. culmorum (4.75%), F. oxysporum (4.10%), F. redolens (2.38%), Rhizoctonia solani AG2-1 (1.06%), Nigrospora oryzae (0.98%), C. inaequalis (0.90%), F. pseudograminearum (0.74%), F. flocciferum (0.74%), Macrophomina phaseolina (0.66%), F. cf. incarnatum (0.33%), Fusarium sp. (0.25%), and F. torulosum (0.16%). A total of 74 isolates representing 16 species were tested via inoculation tests on the susceptible Triticum aestivum cv. Seri 82 and the results revealed that F. culmorum and F. pseudograminearum, B. sorokiniana, Fusarium sp., R. solani, F. redolens, C. spicifera, C. inaequalis, and N. oryzae were virulent, whereas others were non-pathogenic. The findings of this investigation demonstrate the presence of a diverse spectrum of pathogenic fungal species relevant to wheat crown and root rot in Kazakhstan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. pseudograminearum, Fusarium sp., C. spicifera, and C. inaequalis as pathogens on wheat in Kazakhstan.
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