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Hagaggi NSA, Rady EAE. The potential of Bacillus species isolated from Cinnamomum camphora for biofuel production. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:139. [PMID: 38750603 PMCID: PMC11097477 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing concerns about climate change and global petroleum supply draw attention to the urgent need for the development of alternative methods to produce fuels. Consequently, the scientific community must devise novel ways to obtain fuels that are both sustainable and eco-friendly. Bacterial alkanes have numerous potential applications in the industry sector. One significant application is biofuel production, where bacterial alkanes can serve as a sustainable eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuels. This study represents the first report on the production of alkanes by endophytic bacteria. RESULTS In this study, three Bacillus species, namely Bacillus atrophaeus Camph.1 (OR343176.1), Bacillus spizizenii Camph.2 (OR343177.1), and Bacillus aerophilus Camph.3 (OR343178.1), were isolated from the leaves of C. camphora. The isolates were then screened to determine their ability to produce alkanes in different culture media including nutrient broth (NB), Luria-Bertani (LB) broth, and tryptic soy broth (TSB). Depending on the bacterial isolate and the culture media used, different profiles of alkanes ranging from C8 to C31 were detected. CONCLUSIONS The endophytic B. atrophaeus Camph.1 (OR343176.1), B. spizizenii Camph.2 (OR343177.1), and B. aerophilus Camph.3 (OR343178.1), associated with C. camphora leaves, represent new eco-friendly approaches for biofuel production, aiming towards a sustainable future. Further research is needed to optimize the fermentation process and scale up alkane production by these bacterial isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Sh A Hagaggi
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, 81528, Egypt.
| | - Eman A El Rady
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, 81528, Egypt
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Josselin L, Proctor RH, Lippolis V, Cervellieri S, Hoylaerts J, De Clerck C, Fauconnier ML, Moretti A. Does alteration of fumonisin production in Fusarium verticillioides lead to volatolome variation? Food Chem 2024; 438:138004. [PMID: 37983995 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides, a major fungal pathogen of maize, produces fumonisins, mycotoxins of global food safety concern. Control practices are needed to reduce the negative health and economic impacts of fumonisins. Therefore, we investigated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by fumonisin-producing (wild-type) and nonproducing (mutant) strains of F. verticillioides. VOC emissions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following inoculation of maize kernels, and fumonisin accumulation was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mutants emitted VOCs, including ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, that the wild type did not emit. In particular, ANOVA analysis showed significant differences between mutants and wild type for 4 VOCs which emission was correlated with absence of fumonisins. Exogenous ethyl 3-methylbutanoate reduced growth and fumonisin production in wild-type F. verticillioides, showing its potential in biocontrol. Together, our findings offer valuable insights into how mycotoxin production can impact VOC emissions from F. verticillioides and reveal a potential biocontrol strategy to reduce fumonisin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Josselin
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St. Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
| | - Vincenzo Lippolis
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Cervellieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Jeffrey Hoylaerts
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Caroline De Clerck
- AgricultureIsLife, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Razo-Belmán R, Ángeles-López YI, García-Ortega LF, León-Ramírez CG, Ortiz-Castellanos L, Yu H, Martínez-Soto D. Fungal volatile organic compounds: mechanisms involved in their sensing and dynamic communication with plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1257098. [PMID: 37810383 PMCID: PMC10559904 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1257098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) are mixtures of gas-phase hydrophobic carbon-based molecules produced by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. They can act as airborne signals sensed by plants being crucial players in triggering signaling cascades influencing their secondary metabolism, development, and growth. The role of fungal volatile organic compounds (FVOCs) from beneficial or detrimental species to influence the physiology and priming effect of plants has been well studied. However, the plants mechanisms to discern between FVOCs from friend or foe remains significantly understudied. Under this outlook, we present an overview of the VOCs produced by plant-associate fungal species, with a particular focus on the challenges faced in VOCs research: i) understanding how plants could perceive FVOCs, ii) investigating the differential responses of plants to VOCs from beneficial or detrimental fungal strains, and finally, iii) exploring practical aspects related to the collection of VOCs and their eco-friendly application in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Razo-Belmán
- Departamento de Alimentos, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Fernando García-Ortega
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Claudia Geraldine León-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Lucila Ortiz-Castellanos
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Houlin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Domingo Martínez-Soto
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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Mestre-Tomás J, Esgueva-Vilà D, Fuster-Alonso A, Lopez-Moya F, Lopez-Llorca LV. Chitosan Modulates Volatile Organic Compound Emission from the Biocontrol Fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104053. [PMID: 37241794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are responsible for fungal odor and play a key role in biological processes and ecological interactions. VOCs represent a promising area of research to find natural metabolites for human exploitation. Pochonia chlamydosporia is a chitosan-resistant nematophagous fungus used in agriculture to control plant pathogens and widely studied in combination with chitosan. The effect of chitosan on the production of VOCs from P. chlamydosporia was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Several growth stages in rice culture medium and different times of exposure to chitosan in modified Czapek-Dox broth cultures were analyzed. GC-MS analysis resulted in the tentative identification of 25 VOCs in the rice experiment and 19 VOCs in the Czapek-Dox broth cultures. The presence of chitosan in at least one of the experimental conditions resulted in the de novo production of 3-methylbutanoic acid and methyl 2,4-dimethylhexanoate, and oct-1-en-3-ol and tetradec-1-ene in the rice and Czapek-Dox experiments, respectively. Other VOCs changed their abundance because of the effect of chitosan and fungal age. Our findings suggest that chitosan can be used as a modulator of the production of VOCs in P. chlamydosporia and that there is also an effect of fungal age and exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mestre-Tomás
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (CSIC-UV), Spanish National Research Council, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - David Esgueva-Vilà
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Alba Fuster-Alonso
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Renewable Marine Resources Department, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Luis V Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
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Al-Rahbi BAA, Al-Sadi AM, Al-Harrasi MMA, Al-Sabahi JN, Al-Mahmooli IH, Blackburn D, Velazhahan R. Effectiveness of Endophytic and Rhizospheric Bacteria from Moringa spp. in Controlling Pythium aphanidermatum Damping-Off of Cabbage. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:668. [PMID: 36771752 PMCID: PMC9919774 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria were isolated from Moringa olifera and M. perigreina from Oman, and their in vitro antagonistic activity against Pythium aphanidermatum was tested using a dual culture assay. The promising strains were tested further for their compatibility and potential for plant growth promotion, biofilm formation, antifungal volatile organic compound (VOC) production, and the biological control of P. aphanidermatum damping-off of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) under greenhouse conditions. A total of 12 endophytic and 27 rhizospheric bacteria were isolated from Moringa spp. Among them, Bacillus pumilus MPE1 showed the maximum antagonistic activity against P. aphanidermatum in the dual culture assay, followed by Paenibacillus glucanolyticus MPE3 and Pseudomonas indica MOR3 and MOR8. These bacterial isolates induced abundant morphological abnormalities in the hyphae of P. aphanidermatum, as observed via scanning electron microscopy. The in vitro cross-streak assay showed that these bacterial isolates were compatible among themselves, except for P. indica MOR8 × P. glucanolyticus MPE3. These antagonists released VOCs that restricted the growth of P. aphanidermatum in an in vitro assay. These antagonistic bacteria released 2,4-dimethylheptane and 4-methyloctane as the predominant volatile compounds. Of the four antagonistic bacterial strains, P. indica MOR8 was capable of forming biofilm, which is considered a trait that improves the efficacy of rhizosphere inoculants. The results of the greenhouse experiments showed that the soil treatment with B. pumilus MPE1 showed the highest reduction (59%) in the incidence of P. aphanidermatum damping-off in cabbage, evidencing its potential as a biological control agent for the management of this disease. Further research is needed to characterize the antifungal traits and activities of B. pumilus MPE1 and to assert its potential use against other soil-borne plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buthaina Aamir Ali Al-Rahbi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Majida Mohammed Ali Al-Harrasi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Jamal Nasser Al-Sabahi
- Central Instrumentation Laboratory, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Issa Hashil Al-Mahmooli
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Daniel Blackburn
- Department of Soil, Water and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Rethinasamy Velazhahan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman
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Karthik Y, Ishwara Kalyani M, Krishnappa S, Devappa R, Anjali Goud C, Ramakrishna K, Wani MA, Alkafafy M, Hussen Abduljabbar M, Alswat AS, Sayed SM, Mushtaq M. Antiproliferative activity of antimicrobial peptides and bioactive compounds from the mangrove Glutamicibacter mysorens. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1096826. [PMID: 36876075 PMCID: PMC9982118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1096826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Glutamicibacter group of microbes is known for antibiotic and enzyme production. Antibiotics and enzymes produced by them are important in the control, protection, and treatment of chronic human diseases. In this study, the Glutamicibacter mysorens (G. mysorens) strain MW647910.1 was isolated from mangrove soil in the Mangalore region of India. After optimization of growth conditions for G. mysorens on starch casein agar media, the micromorphology of G. mysorens was found to be spirally coiled spore chain, each spore visualized as an elongated cylindrical hairy appearance with curved edges visualized through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis. The culture phenotype with filamentous mycelia, brown pigmentation, and ash-colored spore production was observed. The intracellular extract of G. mysorens characterized through GCMS analysis detected bioactive compounds reported for pharmacological applications. The majority of bioactive compounds identified in intracellular extract when compared to the NIST library revealed molecular weight ranging below 1kgmole-1. The Sephadex G-10 could result in 10.66 fold purification and eluted peak protein fraction showed significant anticancer activity on the prostate cancer cell line. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed Kinetin-9-ribose and Embinin with a molecular weight below 1 kDa. This study showed small molecular weight bioactive compounds produced from microbial origin possess dual roles, acting as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and anticancer peptides (ACPs). Hence, the bioactive compounds produced from microbial origin are a promising source of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalpi Karthik
- Department of Studies and Research in Microbiology, Mangalore University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjula Ishwara Kalyani
- Department of Studies and Research in Microbiology, Mangalore University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinivasa Krishnappa
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramakrishna Devappa
- Dr. C.D Sagar Centre for Life Sciences, Biotechnology Department, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Dayananda Sagar Institutions, Bengaluru, India
| | - Chengeshpur Anjali Goud
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Malla Reddy University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Krishnaveni Ramakrishna
- Department of Studies and Research in Microbiology, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ballari, Karnataka, India
| | - Muneeb Ahmad Wani
- Division of Floriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohamed Alkafafy
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Maram Hussen Abduljabbar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal S Alswat
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy M Sayed
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Muntazir Mushtaq
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Division of Germplasm Evaluation, New Delhi, India.,MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management, Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Eun DM, Han YS, Park SH, Yoo HS, Le YTH, Jeong S, Jeon KJ, Youn JS. Analysis of VOCs Emitted from Small Laundry Facilities: Contributions to Ozone and Secondary Aerosol Formation and Human Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15130. [PMID: 36429850 PMCID: PMC9691109 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted to the atmosphere form ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) by photochemical reactions. As they contain numerous harmful compounds such as carcinogens, it is necessary to analyze them from a health perspective. Given the petroleum-based organic solvents used during the drying process, large amounts of VOCs are emitted from small laundry facilities. In this study, a laundry facility located in a residential area was selected, while VOCs data emitted during the drying process were collected and analyzed using a thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (TD-GC/MS). We compared the results of the solvent composition, human risk assessment, contribution of photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAP) to evaluate the chemical species. Alkane-based compounds; the main components of petroleum organic solvents, were dominant. The differences in evaporation with respect to the boiling point were also discerned. The POCP contribution exhibited the same trend as the emission concentration ratios for nonane (41%), decane (34%), and undecane (14%). However, the SOAP contribution accounted for o-xylene (28%), decane (27%), undecane (25%), and nonane (9%), thus confirming the high contribution of o-xylene to SOA formation. The risk assessment showed that acrylonitrile, carbon tetrachloride, nitrobenzene, bromodichloromethane, and chloromethane among carcinogenic compounds, and bromomethane, chlorobenzene, o-xylene, and hexachloro-1, 3-butadiene were found to be hazardous, thereby excessing the standard value. Overall these results facilitate the selection and control of highly reactive and harmful VOCs emitted from the dry-cleaning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Mee Eun
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sung Han
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Park
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yen Thi-Hoang Le
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program on Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Ki-Joon Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program on Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Particle Pollution Research and Management Center, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sang Youn
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
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Steglińska A, Pielech-Przybylska K, Janas R, Grzesik M, Borowski S, Kręgiel D, Gutarowska B. Volatile Organic Compounds and Physiological Parameters as Markers of Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Infection with Phytopathogens. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123708. [PMID: 35744835 PMCID: PMC9230024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of early disease detection in potato seeds storage monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and plant physiological markers was evaluated using 10 fungal and bacterial pathogens of potato in laboratory-scale experiments. Data analysis of HS-SPME-GC-MS revealed 130 compounds released from infected potatoes, including sesquiterpenes, dimethyl disulfide, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 2,6,11-trimethyldodecane, benzothiazole, 3-octanol, and 2-butanol, which may have been associated with the activity of Fusarium sambucinum, Alternaria tenuissima and Pectobacterium carotovorum. In turn, acetic acid was detected in all infected samples. The criteria of selection for volatiles for possible use as incipient disease indicators were discussed in terms of potato physiology. The established physiological markers proved to demonstrate a negative effect of phytopathogens infecting seed potatoes not only on the kinetics of stem and root growth and the development of the entire root system, but also on gas exchange, chlorophyll content in leaves, and yield. The negative effect of phytopathogens on plant growth was dependent on the time of planting after infection. The research also showed different usefulness of VOCs and physiological markers as the indicators of the toxic effect of inoculated phytopathogens at different stages of plant development and their individual organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Steglińska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (S.B.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Pielech-Przybylska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Regina Janas
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (R.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Mieczysław Grzesik
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (R.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Sebastian Borowski
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (S.B.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
| | - Dorota Kręgiel
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (S.B.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
| | - Beata Gutarowska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-530 Łódź, Poland; (S.B.); (D.K.); (B.G.)
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