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Curtis A, Dobes P, Marciniak J, Hurychova J, Hyrsl P, Kavanagh K. Characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus secretome during sublethal infection of Galleria mellonella larvae. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38836745 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus can induce prolonged colonization of the lungs of susceptible patients, resulting in conditions such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.Hypothesis. Analysis of the A. fumigatus secretome released during sub-lethal infection of G. mellonella larvae may give an insight into products released during prolonged human colonisation.Methodology. Galleria mellonella larvae were infected with A. fumigatus, and the metabolism of host carbohydrate and proteins and production of fungal virulence factors were analysed. Label-free qualitative proteomic analysis was performed to identify fungal proteins in larvae at 96 hours post-infection and also to identify changes in the Galleria proteome as a result of infection.Results. Infected larvae demonstrated increasing concentrations of gliotoxin and siderophore and displayed reduced amounts of haemolymph carbohydrate and protein. Fungal proteins (399) were detected by qualitative proteomic analysis in cell-free haemolymph at 96 hours and could be categorized into seven groups, including virulence (n = 25), stress response (n = 34), DNA repair and replication (n = 39), translation (n = 22), metabolism (n = 42), released intracellular (n = 28) and cellular development and cell cycle (n = 53). Analysis of the Gallerial proteome at 96 hours post-infection revealed changes in the abundance of proteins associated with immune function, metabolism, cellular structure, insect development, transcription/translation and detoxification.Conclusion. Characterizing the impact of the fungal secretome on the host may provide an insight into how A. fumigatus damages tissue and suppresses the immune response during long-term pulmonary colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Curtis
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Pavel Dobes
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jacek Marciniak
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hurychova
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hyrsl
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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2
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Earle K, Valero C, Conn DP, Vere G, Cook PC, Bromley MJ, Bowyer P, Gago S. Pathogenicity and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Virulence 2023; 14:2172264. [PMID: 36752587 PMCID: PMC10732619 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2172264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections caused by the mould pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Compromised lung defences arising from immunosuppression, chronic respiratory conditions or more recently, concomitant viral or bacterial pulmonary infections are recognised risks factors for the development of pulmonary aspergillosis. In this review, we will summarise our current knowledge of the mechanistic basis of pulmonary aspergillosis with a focus on emerging at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Earle
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Clara Valero
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel P. Conn
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - George Vere
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter C. Cook
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael J. Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Bowyer
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Gago
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Çelebi Sözener Z, Treffeisen ER, Özdel Öztürk B, Schneider LC. Global warming and implications for epithelial barrier disruption and respiratory and dermatologic allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:1033-1046. [PMID: 37689250 PMCID: PMC10864040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Global warming has direct and indirect effects, as well as short- and long-term impacts on the respiratory and skin barriers. Extreme temperature directly affects the airway epithelial barrier by disrupting the structural proteins and by triggering airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. It enhances tidal volume and respiratory rate by affecting the thermoregulatory system, causing specific airway resistance and reflex bronchoconstriction via activation of bronchopulmonary vagal C fibers and upregulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) 1 and TRPV4. Heat shock proteins are activated under heat stress and contribute to both epithelial barrier dysfunction and airway inflammation. Accordingly, the frequency and severity of allergic rhinitis and asthma have been increasing. Heat activates TRPV3 in keratinocytes, causing the secretion of inflammatory mediators and eventually pruritus. Exposure to air pollutants alters the expression of genes that control skin barrier integrity and triggers an immune response, increasing the incidence and prevalence of atopic dermatitis. There is evidence that extreme temperature, heavy rains and floods, air pollution, and wildfires increase atopic dermatitis flares. In this narrative review, focused on the last 3 years of literature, we explore the effects of global warming on respiratory and skin barrier and their clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Çelebi Sözener
- Division of Immunology and Allergic Diseases, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Elsa R Treffeisen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Betül Özdel Öztürk
- Division of Immunology and Allergic Diseases, Bolu Izzet Baysal Training and Research Hospital, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Lynda C Schneider
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
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4
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Lin K, Wang T, Tang Q, Chen T, Lin M, Jin J, Cao J, Zhang S, Xing Y, Qiao L, Liang Y. IL18R1-Related Molecules as Biomarkers for Asthma Severity and Prognostic Markers for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:3320-3331. [PMID: 37733955 PMCID: PMC10563159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
To determine the role of inflammation-related proteins in predicting asthma severity and outcome, 92 inflammation-related proteins were measured in the asthmatic serum using Olink analysis. Different bioinformatics algorithms were developed to cross analyze with the single-cell or transcriptome data sets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to explore the role of IL18R1 and related genes in asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Olink identified 52 differentially expressed proteins in asthma. They were strongly linked to the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, TNF, and NF-κB signaling pathway. Seven proteins were found in both single-cell RNA and Olink analyses. Among them, IL18R1 was predominantly expressed in mast cells, and the results suggested enhanced communication between mast cells and CD 8+ T cells. IL18R1 was upregulated in serum and induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with uncontrolled or severe asthma. IL18R1 was positively correlated with TNFSF1 and OSM and S100A12. The diagnostic efficacy of these serum IL18R1-related molecules for asthma ranged from 0.839 to 0.921. Moreover, high levels of IL18R1, TNFSF1, OSM, and S100A12 were significantly associated with shorter survival times and worse lung function. IL18R1-related molecules may serve as biomarkers for monitoring uncontrolled or severe asthma and as prognostic markers for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lin
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian University, Putian, Fujian Province 351100, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Center
for Reproduction and Genetics, School of Gusu, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou
Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China
| | - Qingqin Tang
- Center
for Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Tingsang Chen
- Department
of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian University, Putian, Fujian Province 351100, China
| | - Meishan Lin
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian University, Putian, Fujian Province 351100, China
| | - Jieyu Jin
- Center
for Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Center
for Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Center
for Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yanru Xing
- Basecare
Medical Device Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Longwei Qiao
- Center
for Reproduction and Genetics, School of Gusu, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou
Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China
| | - Yuting Liang
- Center
for Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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Gan PXL, Liao W, Lim HF, Wong WSF. Dexamethasone protects against Aspergillus fumigatus-induced severe asthma via modulating pulmonary immunometabolism. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106929. [PMID: 37717682 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Severe asthma is a difficult-to-treat chronic airway inflammatory disease requiring systemic corticosteroids to achieve asthma control. It has recently been shown that drugs targeting immunometabolism have elicited anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential immunometabolic modulatory actions of systemic dexamethasone (Dex) in an Aspergillus fumigatus (Af)-induced severe asthma model. Mice were repeatedly exposed to the Af aeroallergen before systemic treatment with Dex. Simultaneous measurements of airway inflammation, real-time glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activities, expression levels of key metabolic enzymes, and amounts of metabolites were studied in lung tissues, and in primary alveolar macrophages (AMs) and eosinophils. Dex markedly reduced Af-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation, which was coupled with an overall reduction in lung glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and fatty acid synthesis. The anti-inflammatory effects of Dex may stem from its immunometabolic actions by downregulating key metabolic enzymes including pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, glutaminase, and fatty acid synthase. Substantial suppression of eosinophilic airway inflammation by Dex coincided with a specific escalation of mitochondrial proton leak in primary lung eosinophils. Besides, while our findings confirmed that inflammation corresponds with an upregulation of glycolysis, it was accompanied with an unexpectedly stable or elevated OXPHOS in the lungs and activated immune cells, respectively. Our findings reveal that the anti-inflammatory effects of Dex in severe asthma are associated with downregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, glutaminase, and fatty acid synthase, and the augmentation of mitochondrial proton leak in lung eosinophils. These enzymes and biological processes may be valuable targets for therapeutic interventions against severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis X L Gan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wupeng Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Fang Lim
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - W S Fred Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Drug Discovery & Optimization Platform, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.
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6
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Lim JY, Templeton SP. Regulation of lung inflammation by adiponectin. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244586. [PMID: 37724101 PMCID: PMC10505393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is an insulin sensitizing hormone that also plays a role in the regulation of inflammation. Although adiponectin can exert pro-inflammatory effects, more studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects, even in non-adipose tissues such as the lung. Obesity is considered an inflammatory disease, is a risk factor for lung diseases, and is associated with decreased levels of plasma adiponectin. The results of recent studies have suggested that adiponectin exerts anti-inflammatory activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and invasive fungal infection. The signaling receptors of adiponectin, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, are expressed by epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells in the lung. In this mini-review, we discuss the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of adiponectin in lung cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven P. Templeton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN, United States
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7
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Chauhan BV, Higgins Jones D, Banerjee G, Agrawal S, Sulaiman IM, Jia C, Banerjee P. Indoor Bacterial and Fungal Burden in "Moldy" versus "Non-Moldy" Homes: A Case Study Employing Advanced Sequencing Techniques in a US Metropolitan Area. Pathogens 2023; 12:1006. [PMID: 37623966 PMCID: PMC10457890 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of fungi in the indoor environment is associated with allergies and other respiratory symptoms. The aim of this study was to use sequencing and molecular methods, including next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches, to explore the bacterial and fungal communities and their abundance in the indoor environment of houses (n = 20) with visible "moldy" (HVM) and nonvisible "non-moldy" (HNM) in Memphis, TN, USA. Dust samples were collected from air vents and ground surfaces, and the total DNA was analyzed for bacteria and fungi by amplifying 16S rRNA and ITS genes on the Illumina Miseq. Results indicated that Leptosphaerulina was the most abundant fungal genus present in the air vent and ground samples from HNM and HVM. At the same time, the most abundant bacterial genera in the air vent and ground samples were Propionibacterium and Streptococcus. The fungi community diversity was significantly different in the air vent samples. The abundance of fungal species known to be associated with respiratory diseases in indoor dust samples was similar, regardless of the visibility of fungi in the houses. The existence of fungi associated with respiratory symptoms was compared with several parameters like dust particulate matter (PM), CO2 level, temperature, and humidity. Most of these parameters are either positively or negatively correlated with the existence of fungi associated with respiratory diseases; however, none of these correlations were significant at p = 0.05. Our results indicate that implementing molecular methods for detecting indoor fungi may strengthen common exposure and risk assessment practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin V. Chauhan
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | | | - Goutam Banerjee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Saumya Agrawal
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Irshad M. Sulaiman
- Southeast Regional Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Atlanta, GA 30309, USA
| | - Chunrong Jia
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Pratik Banerjee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
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8
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Specific Focus on Antifungal Peptides against Azole Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010042. [PMID: 36675863 PMCID: PMC9864941 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of fungal infections is increasing worldwide, especially that of aspergillosis, which previously only affected people with immunosuppression. Aspergillus fumigatus can cause allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and endangers public health due to resistance to azole-type antimycotics such as fluconazole. Antifungal peptides are viable alternatives that combat infection by forming pores in membranes through electrostatic interactions with the phospholipids as well as cell death to peptides that inhibit protein synthesis and inhibit cell replication. Engineering antifungal peptides with nanotechnology can enhance the efficacy of these therapeutics at lower doses and reduce immune responses. This manuscript explains how antifungal peptides combat antifungal-resistant aspergillosis and also how rational peptide design with nanotechnology and artificial intelligence can engineer peptides to be a feasible antifungal alternative.
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Sun J, Li Y. Pyroptosis and respiratory diseases: A review of current knowledge. Front Immunol 2022; 13:920464. [PMID: 36248872 PMCID: PMC9561627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.920464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a relatively newly discovered programmed cell death accompanied by an inflammatory response. In the classical view, pyroptosis is mediated by caspases-1,-4,-5,-11 and executed by GSDMD, however, recently it was demonstrated that caspase-3 and-8 also participate in the process of pyroptosis, by cleaving GSDMD/E and GSDMD respectively. Different from autophagy and apoptosis, many pores are formed on the cell membrane during pyroptosis, which makes the cell membrane lose its integrity, eventually leading to the release of cytokines interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-18. When the body is infected with pathogens or exposed to some stimulations, pyroptosis could play an immune defense role. It is found that pyroptosis exists widely in infectious and inflammatory respiratory diseases such as acute lung injury, bronchial dysplasia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. Excessive pyroptosis may accompany airway inflammation, tissue injury, and airway damage, and induce an inflammatory reaction, leading to more serious damage and poor prognosis of respiratory diseases. This review summarizes the relationship between pyroptosis and related respiratory diseases.
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Ehrhardt B, El-Merhie N, Kovacevic D, Schramm J, Bossen J, Roeder T, Krauss-Etschmann S. Airway remodeling: The Drosophila model permits a purely epithelial perspective. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:876673. [PMID: 36187164 PMCID: PMC9520053 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.876673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling is an umbrella term for structural changes in the conducting airways that occur in chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The pathobiology of remodeling involves multiple mesenchymal and lymphoid cell types and finally leads to a variety of hardly reversible changes such as hyperplasia of goblet cells, thickening of the reticular basement membrane, deposition of collagen, peribronchial fibrosis, angiogenesis and hyperplasia of bronchial smooth muscle cells. In order to develop solutions for prevention or innovative therapies, these complex processes must be understood in detail which requires their deconstruction into individual building blocks. In the present manuscript we therefore focus on the role of the airway epithelium and introduce Drosophila melanogaster as a model. The simple architecture of the flies’ airways as well as the lack of adaptive immunity allows to focus exclusively on the importance of the epithelium for the remodeling processes. We will review and discuss genetic and environmentally induced changes in epithelial structures and molecular responses and propose an integrated framework of research for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Ehrhardt
- Division of Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Natalia El-Merhie
- Division of Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Draginja Kovacevic
- Division of Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Juliana Schramm
- Division of Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Judith Bossen
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Krauss-Etschmann
- Division of Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence: Susanne Krauss-Etschmann
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Barros BCSC, Almeida BR, Barros DTL, Toledo MS, Suzuki E. Respiratory Epithelial Cells: More Than Just a Physical Barrier to Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060548. [PMID: 35736031 PMCID: PMC9225092 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium is highly complex, and its composition varies along the conducting airways and alveoli. In addition to their primary function in maintaining the respiratory barrier and lung homeostasis for gas exchange, epithelial cells interact with inhaled pathogens, which can manipulate cell signaling pathways, promoting adhesion to these cells or hosting tissue invasion. Moreover, pathogens (or their products) can induce the secretion of chemokines and cytokines by epithelial cells, and in this way, these host cells communicate with the immune system, modulating host defenses and inflammatory outcomes. This review will focus on the response of respiratory epithelial cells to two human fungal pathogens that cause systemic mycoses: Aspergillus and Paracoccidioides. Some of the host epithelial cell receptors and signaling pathways, in addition to fungal adhesins or other molecules that are responsible for fungal adhesion, invasion, or induction of cytokine secretion will be addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C. S. C. Barros
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Bruna R. Almeida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Ed. Antonio C. M. Paiva, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (B.R.A.); (D.T.L.B.)
| | - Debora T. L. Barros
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Ed. Antonio C. M. Paiva, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (B.R.A.); (D.T.L.B.)
| | - Marcos S. Toledo
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Ed. Leal Prado, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil;
| | - Erika Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Ed. Antonio C. M. Paiva, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (B.R.A.); (D.T.L.B.)
- Correspondence:
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