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Liu L, Li L, Li F, Ma W, Guo W, Fang X. Role of Pmk1, Mpk1, or Hog1 in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway of Aspergillus cristatus. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 171:103874. [PMID: 38307402 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus cristatus is a probiotic fungus known for its safety and abundant secondary metabolites, making it a promising candidate for various applications. However, limited progress has been made in researching A. cristatus due to challenges in genetic manipulation. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is involved in numerous physiological processes, but its specific role in A. cristatus remains unclear. In this study, we successfully developed an efficient polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation method for A. cristatus, enabling us to investigate the function of Pmk1, Mpk1, and Hog1 in the MAPK signaling pathway. Our findings revealed that Pmk1, Mpk1, and Hog1 are crucial for sexual reproduction, melanin synthesis, and response to external stress in A. cristatus. Notably, the deletion of Pmk1, Mpk1, or Hog1 resulted in the loss of sexual reproduction capability in A. cristatus. Overall, this research on MAPK will contribute to the continued understanding of the reproductive strategy and melanin synthesis mechanism of A. cristatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 6266237, China
| | - Longyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 6266237, China
| | - Fengyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 6266237, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 6266237, China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 6266237, China
| | - Xu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 6266237, China; Rongcheng Huihai Chuangda Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Weihai, Shandong 264309, China.
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Deng J, Li Y, Yuan Y, Yin F, Chao J, Huang J, Liu Z, Wang K, Zhu M. Secondary Metabolites from the Genus Eurotium and Their Biological Activities. Foods 2023; 12:4452. [PMID: 38137256 PMCID: PMC10742824 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Eurotium is the teleomorph genus associated with the section Aspergillus. Eurotium comprises approximately 20 species, which are widely distributed in nature and human environments. Eurotium is usually the key microorganism for the fermentation of traditional food, such as Fuzhuan brick tea, Liupao tea, Meju, and Karebushi; thus, Eurotium is an important fungus in the food industry. Eurotium has been extensively studied because it contains a series of interesting, structurally diverse, and biologically important secondary metabolites, including anthraquinones, benzaldehyde derivatives, and indol diketopiperazine alkaloids. These secondary metabolites have shown multiple biological activities, including antioxidative, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antitumor, insecticidal, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory activities. This study presents an up-to-date review of the phytochemistry and biological activities of all Eurotium species. This review will provide recent advances on the secondary metabolites and their bioactivities in the genus Eurotium for the first time and serve as a database for future research and drug development from the genus Eurotium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantianye Deng
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.D.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (Z.L.); (K.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yilong Li
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.D.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (Z.L.); (K.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Hunan Tea Group Co., Ltd., Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (F.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Feiyan Yin
- Hunan Tea Group Co., Ltd., Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (F.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Jin Chao
- Hunan Tea Group Co., Ltd., Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (F.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Jianan Huang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.D.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (Z.L.); (K.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.D.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (Z.L.); (K.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Kunbo Wang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.D.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (Z.L.); (K.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.D.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (Z.L.); (K.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Characterization of Hypolipidemic Phenol Analogues from Fermented Tea by Eurotium cristatum. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010049. [PMID: 36613264 PMCID: PMC9818934 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT), a type of black tea, is a traditional beverage in China, especially popular among frontier ethnic groups. FBT is well-known for its health benefits, such as hypoglycemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and detoxification effects. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms on the molecular level are still elusive and the key compounds responsible for the health benefits are unidentified. Previous studies have mainly focused on functional studies of the water extract. However, FBT is typically cooked with butter or milk. Therefore, we hypothesized that some lipophilic components in FBT, which can be absorbed through the co-consumption of butter or milk, may play an important role in the health benefits. The present study aimed to investigate whether the liposoluble extract of FBT alleviates symptoms related to metabolic diseases and to identify the active compounds involved. By comparing the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiles of water, milk and hexane extract, some low polarity peaks were observed in the milk and hexane extracts. Furthermore, the hexane extract treatment alleviated body weight gain, serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and inhibited the accumulation of hepatic fat granules in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced C57BL/6N mouse model. In order to identify the key functional lipophilic compounds in FBT, the hexane extract of FBT was subjected to chemical characterization. Four phenol analogs were characterized, namely, isodihydroauroglaucin (1), dihydroauroglaucin (2), tetrahydroauroglaucin (3), and flavoglaucin (4). Compounds 1 and 4 reduced the levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride in vivo. Both compounds also inhibited the high-fat diet-induced body weight gain and accumulation of fat granules in the liver of C57BL/6N mice. Isodihydroauroglaucin and flavoglaucin have therefore been identified as bioactive ingredients that contribute to the health benefits of FBT.
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