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Román-Montes CM, Seoane-Hernández L, Flores-Miranda R, Tello-Mercado AC, Rangel-Cordero A, Martínez-Gamboa RA, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Ponce-de-León A, González-Lara F. Coccidioidomycosis in Immunocompromised at a Non-Endemic Referral Center in Mexico. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:429. [PMID: 38921414 PMCID: PMC11205067 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence and distribution of coccidioidomycosis are increasing. Information scarcity is evident in Mexico, particularly in non-endemic zones and specific populations. We compared the treatment and outcomes for patients with isolated pulmonary infections and those with disseminated coccidioidomycosis, including mortality rates within six weeks of diagnosis. Of 31 CM cases, 71% were male and 55% were disseminated. For 42% of patients, there was no evidence of having lived in or visited an endemic region. All patients had at least one comorbidity, and 58% had pharmacologic immunosuppressants. The general mortality rate was 30%; without differences between disseminated and localized disease. In our research, we describe a CM with a high frequency of disseminated disease without specific risk factors and non-significant mortality. Exposure to endemic regions was not found in a considerable number of subjects. We consider diverse reasons for why this may be, such as climate change or migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M. Román-Montes
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (C.M.R.-M.); (A.C.T.-M.); (A.P.-d.-L.)
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico (R.A.M.-G.)
| | - Lisset Seoane-Hernández
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (C.M.R.-M.); (A.C.T.-M.); (A.P.-d.-L.)
| | - Rommel Flores-Miranda
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (C.M.R.-M.); (A.C.T.-M.); (A.P.-d.-L.)
| | - Andrea Carolina Tello-Mercado
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (C.M.R.-M.); (A.C.T.-M.); (A.P.-d.-L.)
| | - Andrea Rangel-Cordero
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico (R.A.M.-G.)
| | - Rosa Areli Martínez-Gamboa
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico (R.A.M.-G.)
| | - José Sifuentes-Osornio
- General Direction, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Alfredo Ponce-de-León
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (C.M.R.-M.); (A.C.T.-M.); (A.P.-d.-L.)
| | - Fernanda González-Lara
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (C.M.R.-M.); (A.C.T.-M.); (A.P.-d.-L.)
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico (R.A.M.-G.)
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Sivasubramanian G, Kadakia S, Kim JM, Pervaiz S, Yan Y, Libke R. Challenges in the Long-term Management of Patients With Coccidioidal Meningitis: A Retrospective Analysis of Treatment and Outcomes. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad243. [PMID: 37333722 PMCID: PMC10270562 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coccidioidal meningitis (CM) is the most severe form of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Despite years of clinical experience, it remains a difficult condition to treat, often requiring surgical procedures, such as placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, in addition to lifelong antifungal therapy. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with CM seen in a large referral center in Central Valley, California, from 2010 to 2020. Data pertinent to CM were collected and analyzed. Results Among 133 patients with CM identified in the 10-year period, nonadherence to antifungal therapy was noted in 43% of patients. Of the 80 patients who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement for management of intracranial pressure, shunt failure requiring revision surgery occurred in 42 (52.5%). Rehospitalizations due to CM-related reasons occurred in 78 of 133 patients (59%). Twenty-three percent of patients (n = 29) died due to complications from CM, on an average 22 months after the diagnosis of CM. Encephalopathy at presentation was associated with a significantly higher risk of death. Conclusions Patients with CM in central California are predominantly rural agricultural workers with elevated levels of poverty and low health literacy and many barriers to care, leading to high rates of medication nonadherence and loss to follow-up outpatient care. Management challenges are frequent, such as failure of antifungal therapy, high rates of rehospitalization, and the need for repeated shunt revision surgeries. In addition to the development of curative new antifungal agents, understanding the barriers to patient adherence to care and antifungal therapy and identifying means to overcome such barriers are of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Sivasubramanian
- Correspondence: Geetha Sivasubramanian, MD, FIDSA, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco at Fresno, 155 N Fresno St, Suite 307, Fresno, CA 93701 (); Robert Libke, MD, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco at Fresno, 155 N Fresno St, Suite 307, Fresno, CA 93701 ()
| | - Saurin Kadakia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno, California, USA
| | - Jani M Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno, California, USA
| | - Sarah Pervaiz
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno, California, USA
| | - Yueqi Yan
- HSRI Biostatistics and Data Support Core, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Robert Libke
- Correspondence: Geetha Sivasubramanian, MD, FIDSA, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco at Fresno, 155 N Fresno St, Suite 307, Fresno, CA 93701 (); Robert Libke, MD, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco at Fresno, 155 N Fresno St, Suite 307, Fresno, CA 93701 ()
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Peçanha-Pietrobom PM, Tirado-Sánchez A, Gonçalves SS, Bonifaz A, Colombo AL. Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis and Paracoccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:218. [PMID: 36836333 PMCID: PMC9959547 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis (CM) and paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) are systemic mycoses that are highly endemic in Latin America and have recently been included on the World Health Organization (WHO) Fungal Priority Pathogens List. Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are recognized as etiological agents of CM, with peculiarities in their geographic distribution. The genus Paracoccidioides now includes Paracoccidioides lutzii and the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex, which encompasses four phylogenetic species. In both diseases, pulmonary signs and symptoms are the main reasons for patients to seek medical assistance, and they are frequently misdiagnosed as tuberculosis. In this paper, we present a critical view of the strategies for diagnosis and clinical management of CM and PCM. Over the past few decades, there has been an increase in the number of reports of endemic fungal infections in areas previously thought to be "non-endemic" due to climate change and increased travel, among other factors. Learning to recognize their main epidemiological aspects and clinical manifestations is crucial so that clinicians can include them in the differential diagnosis of lung disease and avoid late diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrés Tirado-Sánchez
- Dermatology Service & Mycology Department, Hospital General de México, “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06726, Mexico
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General de Zona 29, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07950, Mexico
| | - Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29043900, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Bonifaz
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General de Zona 29, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07950, Mexico
| | - Arnaldo Lopes Colombo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039032, Brazil
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Pathogenic Drug Resistant Fungi: A Review of Mitigation Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021584. [PMID: 36675092 PMCID: PMC9863602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens cause significant human morbidity and mortality globally, where there is a propensity to infect vulnerable people such as the immunocompromised ones. There is increasing evidence of resistance to antifungal drugs, which has significant implications for cutaneous, invasive and bloodstream infections. The World Health Organization (WHO) published a priority list of fungal pathogens in October 2022, thus, highlighting that a crisis point has been reached where there is a pressing need to address the solutions. This review provides a timely insight into the challenges and implications on the topic of antifungal drug resistance along with discussing the effectiveness of established disease mitigation modalities and approaches. There is also a need to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fungal resistance to inform effective solutions. The established fungal decontamination approaches are effective for medical device processing and sterilization, but the presence of pathogenic fungi in recalcitrant biofilms can lead to challenges, particularly during cleaning. Future design ideas for implantable and reusable medical devices should consider antifungal materials and appropriates for disinfection, and where it is relevant, sterilization. Preventing the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi on foods through the use of appropriate end-to-end processes is advisable, as mycotoxins are recalcitrant and challenging to eliminate once they have formed.
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Abe T, Yamaguchi F, Sakakura S, Shiratori Y, Mase A, Funaki T, Kamio Y, Suzuki T, Shikama Y, Hoshino Y. Surgical Resection to Treat a Japanese Patient with Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2787-2791. [PMID: 37187484 PMCID: PMC10178290 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s401752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic disease that is particularly prevalent in the United States. However, its geographic distribution is becoming widespread. Here, we present a Japanese male who resided in the United States for 1 year, where he was diagnosed with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis that was accompanied by cavity formation. He did not tolerate antifungal therapy and consequently underwent partial resection of the upper lobe of his left lung upon his return to Japan. The patient's symptoms improved after surgery. The trend toward global networking and logistics means that a diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis should be considered in routine practice in nonendemic areas. Due to the rarity of surgical treatment for this disease, prolonged follow-up is necessary. During the last follow-up, the patient was symptom-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
- Correspondence: Fumihiro Yamaguchi, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, 1-30 Fujigaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, 227-8501, Japan, Tel +81-45-971-1151, Email
| | - Shunsuke Sakakura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yo Shiratori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ayaka Mase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Funaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kamio
- Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shikama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Hoshino
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Clinical Challenges of Emerging and Re-Emerging Yeast Infections in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112223. [PMID: 36363816 PMCID: PMC9695014 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the geological eras, some fungi, through adaptation and/or environmental/ecological pressure, interacted directly and indirectly with humans, through occasionally harmful interaction interdependent on the individual’s immunological condition. Infections caused by yeasts are underreported, subjugated, and underdiagnosed, and treatment is restricted to a few drugs, even after the significant progress of medicine and pharmacology. In the last centuries, antagonistically, there has been an exponential increase of immunocompromised individuals due to the use of immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids, increased cases of transplants, chemotherapeutics, autoimmune diseases, neoplasms, and, more recently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review aims to survey emerging and re-emerging yeast infections in the current clinical context. Currently, there is an immense clinical challenge for the rapid and correct diagnosis and treatment of systemic mycoses caused by yeasts due to the terrible increase in cases in the current context of COVID-19.
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Cai H, Zhang H, Guo DH, Wang Y, Gu J. Genomic Data Mining Reveals Abundant Uncharacterized Transporters in Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101064. [PMID: 36294626 PMCID: PMC9604845 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are causative agents of coccidioidomycosis, commonly known as Valley Fever. The increasing Valley Fever cases in the past decades, the expansion of endemic regions, and the rising azole drug-resistant strains have underscored an urgent need for a better understanding of Coccidioides biology and new antifungal strategies. Transporters play essential roles in pathogen survival, growth, infection, and adaptation, and are considered as potential drug targets. However, the composition and roles of transport machinery in Coccidioides remain largely unknown. In this study, genomic data mining revealed an abundant, uncharacterized repertoire of transporters in Coccidioides genomes. The catalog included 1288 and 1235 transporter homologs in C. immitis and C. posadasii, respectively. They were further annotated to class, subclass, family, subfamily and range of substrates based on the Transport Classification (TC) system. They may play diverse roles in nutrient uptake, metabolite secretion, ion homeostasis, drug efflux, or signaling. This study represents an initial effort for a systems-level characterization of the transport machinery in these understudied fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Daniel H. Guo
- Strake Jesuit College Preparatory, Houston, TX 77036, USA
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Jianying Gu
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.G.)
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