Biosynthesis of Xylariolide D in Penicillium crustosum Implies a Chain Branching Reaction Catalyzed by a Highly Reducing Polyketide Synthase

A terpene cyclase from Aspergillus ustus is involved in the biosynthesis of geosmin precursor germacradienol

The earthy odor of geosmin with a C₁₂ skeleton is known from bacteria, fungi and plants. The sesquiterpenoid germacradien-11-ol (germacradienol) is a crucial intermediate in the biosynthesis of geosmin. A bifunctional terpene cyclase for germacradienol formation and its degradation to geosmin had been described in bacteria. Terpene cyclases were also suggested for geosmin formation in basidiomycetes, but not reported for ascomycetes. We identified a putative terpene cyclase in Aspergillus ustus with low sequence homology to N-termini of the bacterial germacradienol/geosmin synthases. Heterologous expression in Aspergillus nidulans and biochemical characterization led to the identification of the geosmin precursor germacradienol as the sole detected enzyme product. Germacradienol synthase (GdlS) uses strictly farnesyl diphosphate as substrate for cyclization and requires Mg²⁺ for its reaction. Multiple sequence alignments with known enzymes indicate the presence of the highly conserved catalytic residues including the DDXXD motif for Mg²⁺ binding. Phylogenetic analysis suggests different clades of bacterial germacradienol/geosmin synthases and terpene cyclases from fungi.

This study reports a terpene cyclase responsible for germacradienol formation in the ascomycetous fungus Aspergillus ustus. Both in vivo and in vitro data are provided.