Epiphytic Yeasts and Bacteria as Candidate Biocontrol Agents of Green and Blue Molds of Citrus Fruits

Identification of chitinase from Bacillus velezensis strain S161 and its antifungal activity against Penicillium digitatum

Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of chitinase in Bacillus velezensis through extensive genomic sequencing and experimental analyses. However, the detailed structure, functional roles, and antifungal activity of these chitinases remain poorly characterized. In this study, genomic screening identified three genes-chiA, chiB, and lpmo10-associated with chitinase degradation in B. velezensis S161. These genes encode chitinases ChiA and ChiB, and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase LPMO10. Both ChiA and ChiB contain two CBM50 binding domains and one catalytic domain, whereas LPMO10 includes a signal peptide and a single catalytic domain. The chitinases ChiA, its truncated variant ChiA2, and ChiB were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified enzymes efficiently degraded colloidal chitin and inhibited the spore germination of Penicillium digitatum. Notably, even after losing one CBM50 domain, the resultant enzyme, consisting of the remaining CBM50 domain and the catalytic domain, maintained its colloidal chitin hydrolysis and antifungal activity, indicating commendable stability. These results underscore the role of B. velezensis chitinases in suppressing plant pathogenic fungi and provide a solid foundation for developing and applying chitinase-based biocontrol strategies.

Microbial Diversity Associated with the Cabernet Sauvignon Carposphere (Fruit Surface) from Eight Vineyards in Henan Province, China

The microbial diversity on the carposphere (berry) surface of the grape cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon grown in eight different locations/vineyards of Henan Province was determined by high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal 18S rRNA gene. The structure of bacterial and fungal communities varied according to the sampling sites, but with some common phyla. Proteobacteria and Ascomycota were dominant/common phyla for bacteria and fungi, respectively. A total of 27 and 20 bacterial and fungal families, respectively, and 39 and 20 bacterial and fungal genera, respectively, with statistically significant differences, were found among different sampling sites. The difference for metabolic pathways of bacteria among the sampling sites existed. In addition, various abundances of enzymes from different sites might indicate that different function patterns exist in microbiota from different sites. The results revealed that locations of grape vineyards might play a significant role in shaping the microbiome, as well as the fact that vineyards can be distinguished based on the abundance of several key bacterial and fungal taxa. Overall, these findings extend our understanding of the similarities and differences in microbial community and their metabolic function on Cabernet Sauvignon grape surfaces from different geographic locations.

Microbial Biofungicides as a Substitute for Chemical Fungicides in the Control of Phytopathogens: Current Perspectives and Research Directions

These days, two important issues are causing concern in the global community: the alarmingly growing trend of the human population and the issue of food security. To this end, people around the world have been searching for solutions that could feed the needy in a sustainable way. In response to this urgent call, scientists from around the world started working on increasing crop production and productivity by controlling crop pathogens that could harm the productivity of crops. Synthetic fungicides have been in use for controlling crop diseases for several decades, but later, due to the evidenced side effects of the fungicides, there have been attempts to shift towards a less cost-effective and eco-friendly method of controlling crop diseases, and so far, many remarkable results have been achieved. However, due to the less effective and shorter shelf life of microbial biofungicides, as well as the less accessibility of these microbial biofungicides to growers around the world, it became difficult to remove the fungicides totally from the market. To minimize this problem, researchers suggested an integrated approach: the combination of microbial biofungicides with a reduced dose of synthetic fungicides. Hence, this review explored the status as well as the merits and demerits of microbial biofungicides as compared to synthetic fungicides.

Bioprotective yeasts: Potential to limit postharvest spoilage and to extend shelf life or improve microbial safety of processed foods

Yeasts are a widespread group of microorganisms that are receiving increasing attention from scientists and industry. Their diverse biological activities and broad-spectrum antifungal activity make them promising candidates for application, especially in postharvest biocontrol of fruits and vegetables and food biopreservation. The present review focuses on recent knowledge of the mechanisms by which yeasts inhibit pathogenic fungi and/or spoilage fungi and bacteria. The main mechanisms of action of bioprotective yeasts include competition for nutrients and space, synthesis and secretion of antibacterial compounds, mycoparasitism and the secretion of lytic enzymes, biofilm formation, quorum sensing, induced systemic resistance of fruit host, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species. Preadaptation of yeasts to abiotic stresses such as cold acclimatization and sublethal oxidative stress can improve the effectiveness of antagonistic yeasts and thus more effectively play biocontrol roles under a wider range of environmental conditions, thereby reducing economic losses. Combined application with other antimicrobial substances can effectively improve the efficacy of yeasts as biocontrol agents. Yeasts show great potential as substitute for chemical additives in various food fields, but their commercialization is still limited. Hence, additional investigation is required to explore the prospective advancements of yeasts in the field of biopreservation for food.

Biocontrol Potential of Streptomyces odonnellii SZF-179 toward Alternaria alternata to Control Pear Black Spot Disease

Pear black spot disease, caused by Alternaria alternata, is a devastating disease in pears and leads to enormous economic losses worldwide. In this investigation, we isolated a Streptomyces odonnellii SZF-179 from the rhizosphere soil of pear plants in China. Indoor confrontation experiments results showed that both SZF-179 and its aseptic filtrate had excellent inhibitory effects against A. alternata. Afterwards, the main antifungal compound of SZF-179 was identified as polyene, with thermal and pH stability in the environment. A microscopic examination of A. alternata mycelium showed severe morphological abnormalities caused by SZF-179. Protective studies showed that SZF-179 fermentation broth could significantly reduce the diameter of the necrotic lesions on pear leaves by 42.25%. Furthermore, the potential of fermentation broth as a foliar treatment to control black leaf spot was also evaluated. Disease indexes of 'Hosui' and 'Wonwhang' pear plants treated with SZF-179 fermentation broth were lower than that of control plants. Overall, SZF-179 is expected to be developed into a safe and broad-spectrum biocontrol agent. No studies to date have evaluated the utility of S. odonnellii for the control of pear black spot disease; our study fills this research gap. Collectively, our findings provide new insights that will aid the control of pear black spot disease, as well as future studies of S. odonnellii strains.

Biocontrol and Probiotic Function of Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts: New Insights in Agri-Food Industry

Fermented food matrices, including beverages, can be defined as the result of the activity of complex microbial ecosystems where different microorganisms interact according to different biotic and abiotic factors. Certainly, in industrial production, the technological processes aim to control the fermentation to place safe foods on the market. Therefore, if food safety is the essential prerogative, consumers are increasingly oriented towards a healthy and conscious diet driving the production and consequently the applied research towards natural processes. In this regard, the aim to guarantee the safety, quality and diversity of products should be reached limiting or avoiding the addition of antimicrobials or synthetic additives using the biological approach. In this paper, the recent re-evaluation of non-Saccharomyces yeasts (NSYs) has been reviewed in terms of bio-protectant and biocontrol activity with a particular focus on their antimicrobial power using different application modalities including biopackaging, probiotic features and promoting functional aspects. In this review, the authors underline the contribution of NSYs in the food production chain and their role in the technological and fermentative features for their practical and useful use as a biocontrol agent in food preparations.

Management of Fusarium Wilt Disease of Maize (Zea mays L.) with Selected Antimycotic Plant Extracts and Inhibitory Bacillus Strains

Maize (Zea mays L. var. Everta) is an economically significant crop cultivated worldwide. Unfortunately, microbial diseases, especially, mycopathogens such as Fusarium species, militate against the production of maize. Protective microbial species and bioactive plant extracts have been studied in the control of plant pathogens. However, there is a dearth of information on their comparative efficacy and effect on wilt disease of maize caused by Fusarium solani, as investigated in this study. Using the ITS and 16s rDNA primers for fungal pathogen and bacterial strains, respectively, the mycopathogen was confirmed as Fusarium solani FCI20, while biocontrol Bacillus strains were identified as Bacillus velezensis EBs02 and Bacillus thuringiensis EBs04. Fusarium solani FCI20 successfully infected maize seedlings through rhizosphere inoculation, and caused severe leaf chlorosis, necrosis and wilt in maize seedlings. Bacillus thuringiensis EBs04 expressed the highest in vitro mycelial inhibition (85.20%), followed by Gmelina arborea (78.58%), while Milicia excelsa appeared to express the lowest mycelial inhibition potential (49.95%). Bacillus velezensis EBs02 expressed the highest in vivo disease severity reduction in maize seedlings (with percentage disease control of 84.16), while B. thuringiensis-treated plants had the lowest incidence of wilt disease (4.32%). However, contrary to their in vitro mycelial inhibition potential, B. velezensis EBs02, Gmelina arborea, Milicia excelsa and Cola nitida expressed radically different levels of in vivo wilt disease control in maize seedlings. Consequent upon the biocontrol patterns observed in this study, in vivo assay should be considered in the preliminary selection of promising biocontrol agents against phytopathogens, such as Fusarium species.

The Exploitation of Microbial Antagonists against Postharvest Plant Pathogens

Postharvest disease management is vital to increase the quality and productivity of crops. As part of crop disease protection, people used different agrochemicals and agricultural practices to manage postharvest diseases. However, the widespread use of agrochemicals in pest and disease control has detrimental effects on consumer health, the environment, and fruit quality. To date, different approaches are being used to manage postharvest diseases. The use of microorganisms to control postharvest disease is becoming an eco-friendly and environmentally sounds approach. There are many known and reported biocontrol agents, including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. Nevertheless, despite the abundance of publications on biocontrol agents, the use of biocontrol in sustainable agriculture requires substantial research, effective adoption, and comprehension of the interactions between plants, pathogens, and the environment. To accomplish this, this review made an effort to locate and summarize earlier publications on the function of microbial biocontrol agents against postharvest crop diseases. Additionally, this review aims to investigate biocontrol mechanisms, their modes of operation, potential future applications for bioagents, as well as difficulties encountered during the commercialization process.

Microbial Intervention: An Approach to Combat the Postharvest Pathogens of Fruits

Plants host diverse microbial communities, which undergo a complex interaction with each other. Plant-associated microbial communities provide various benefits to the host directly or indirectly, viz. nutrient acquisition, protection from pathogen invaders, mitigation from different biotic and abiotic stress. Presently, plant-associated microbial strains are frequently utilized as biofertilizers, biostimulants and biocontrol agents in greenhouse and field conditions and have shown satisfactory results. Nowadays, the plant/fruit microbiome has been employed to control postharvest pathogens and postharvest decay, and to maintain the quality or shelf life of fruits. In this context, the intervention of the natural fruit microbiome or the creation of synthetic microbial communities to modulate the functional attributes of the natural microbiome is an emerging aspect. In this regard, we discuss the community behavior of microbes in natural conditions and how the microbiome intervention plays a crucial role in the postharvest management of fruits.

Comparison of the Peel-Associated Epiphytic Bacteria of Anthocyanin-Rich "Sun Black" and Wild-Type Tomatoes under Organic and Conventional Farming

Tomatoes are among the most consumed vegetables worldwide and represent a source of health-beneficial substances. Our study represents the first investigating the peel-associated epiphytic bacteria of red and purple (anthocyanin-rich) tomatoes subjected to organic and conventional farming systems. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum (relative abundances 79-91%) in all experimental conditions. Enterobacteriaceae represented a large fraction (39.3-47.5%) of the communities, with Buttiauxella and Atlantibacter as the most represented genera. The core microbiota was composed of 59 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), including the majority of the most abundant ones. The occurrence of the most abundant OTUs differed among the experimental conditions. OTU 1 (Buttiauxella), OTU 2 (Enterobacteriales), and OTU 6 (Bacillales) were higher in red and purple tomatoes grown under organic farming. OTU 5 (Acinetobacter) had the highest abundance in red tomatoes subjected to organic farming. OTU 3 (Atlantibacter) was among the major OTUs in red tomatoes under both farming conditions. OTU 7 (Clavibacter) and OTU 8 (Enterobacteriaceae) had abundances ≥1% only in red tomatoes grown under conventional farming. PCA and clustering analysis highlighted a high similarity between the bacterial communities of red and purple tomatoes grown under organic farming. Furthermore, the bacterial communities of purple tomatoes grown under organic farming showed the lowest diversity and evenness. This work paves the way to understand the role of nutritional superior tomato genotypes, combined with organic farming, to modulate the presence of beneficial/harmful bacteria and supply healthier foods within a sustainable agriculture.

A super absorbent polymer containing copper to control Plenodomus tracheiphilus the causative agent of mal secco disease of lemon

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a Super absorbent polymer (SAP) containing copper (SAP-Cu) in controlling mal secco disease (MSD) of lemon caused by the fungus Plenodomus tracheiphilus. Super absorbent polymer containing copper was characterized by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and UV-VIS spectroscopy. In vitro tests were performed to determine the inhibitory effects of SAP-Cu against the pathogen on both potato-dextrose-agar medium and naturally infected lemon cuttings. Super absorbent polymer was able to absorb up to about 200 and 30 times its weight of ionized water and copper (II) sulfate solution (Cu²⁺ ions at the concentration 236 mM), respectively. The distribution of copper released on twigs after 24 h of contact with SAP-Cu was determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry with time-of-flight analyzer (ToF-SIMS). Super absorbent polymer containing copper significantly inhibited the viability of P. tracheiphilus in lemon twigs. Overall, the results of this study showed that the SAP could be a suitable carrier of antifungal compounds.