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da Silva AG, de Matos AFC, de Sousa BR, Ferraz CE, Luiz RLF, Neves RP, de Lima-Neto RG, Oliveira MME. Rapid Molecular Diagnosis of Sporotrichosis Directly from Biological Samples from a Reference Center in Brazil. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:432. [PMID: 38921418 PMCID: PMC11204681 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The gold standard diagnosis of sporotrichosis is the isolation of Sporothrix sp. in culture media, but this is a time-consuming test that is susceptible to contamination and can be affected by the fungal load. Molecular methods such as nested PCR are gaining more ground in the management of several infections as they are tools for the rapid and accurate identification of microorganisms from pure cultures or directly from biological samples. This study aimed to apply a nested PCR molecular protocol for the rapid detection of Sporothrix spp. directly from clinical samples. Thirteen samples-six from skin biopsies, five from skin exudates, and two from conjunctival secretions-were obtained from patients diagnosed with sporotrichosis due to S. brasiliensis. Calmodulin gene sequencing identified all the isolates as S. brasiliensis. Nested PCR was able to detect all the Sporothrix sensu lato directly from clinical samples as well as the CBS 120339 reference strain. The nested PCR protocol stands out as a diagnostic alternative, as it allows the identification of Sporothrix spp. directly from clinical samples without the need for fungal isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Gabriela da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-570, Pernambuco, Brazil; (A.G.d.S.); (B.R.d.S.)
- Laboratory for Research and Diagnosis in Tropical Diseases, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-570, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Arthur Felipe Cavalcanti de Matos
- Laboratory for Research and Diagnosis in Tropical Diseases, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-570, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Bruna Rodrigues de Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-570, Pernambuco, Brazil; (A.G.d.S.); (B.R.d.S.)
- Laboratory for Research and Diagnosis in Tropical Diseases, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-570, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Claudia Elise Ferraz
- Dermatology Reference Service, Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Raul Leal Faria Luiz
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21045-360, Brazil; (R.L.F.L.); (M.M.E.O.)
| | - Rejane Pereira Neves
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-570, Pernambuco, Brazil; (A.G.d.S.); (B.R.d.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-570, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Gonçalves de Lima-Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-570, Pernambuco, Brazil; (A.G.d.S.); (B.R.d.S.)
- Laboratory for Research and Diagnosis in Tropical Diseases, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-570, Pernambuco, Brazil;
- Dermatology Reference Service, Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Fungal Biology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-570, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Santiso G, Messina F, Arechavala A, Marín E, Romero MDLM, Sosa MDLÁ, Rojas F, Mussin J, Contreras S, Galache V, Guerrero M, Sosa V, Chacón Y, Álvarez C, Maldonado I, Romero M, Echazarreta S, Fernández N, Relloso S, Serrano J, Giusiano G. Sporotrichosis in Argentina: clinical and epidemiological analysis. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:109-119. [PMID: 37721908 PMCID: PMC10588681 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Sporotrichosis is an implantation mycosis caused by Sporothrix spp. It is distributed worldwide and can be found in vegetation and soil. The most frequent route of infection is by trauma with elements contaminated with fungal propagules. Since domestic cats are the most affected animals and can transmit this infection to humans, sporotrichosis is considered a zoonosis. Clinical presentations include nodular lymphangitis, fixed cutaneous, pulmonary (rare), and disseminated (exceptional). Objectives To analyze the epidemiology of sporotrichosis in Argentina during 2010 and 2022. To describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment of cases diagnosed during this period. To know the circulating genotypes and to observe possible associations with the geographic location where the infection was acquired. Materials and methods Analytical, retrospective, and observational study. We analyzed the medical records of patients with sporotrichosis from 12 health institutions in Argentina, between 2010 and 2022. Results We present 54 cases in which the most frequent clinical form was nodular lymphangitis, and the treatment of choice was itraconazole. Conventional diagnosis was made in all cases. Culture of clinical samples was more sensitive than direct examination because it allowed the isolation of Sporothrix spp. in all 54 cases. Molecular identification was performed in 22 cases, with Sporothrix schenkii sensu stricto being the most frequently isolated species. Conclusions This study allowed to know the epidemiology of this mycosis in Argentina, as well as the availability of diagnostic methods and the treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Santiso
- Unidad de Micología, Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas Francisco Javier Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Fernando Messina
- Unidad de Micología, Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas Francisco Javier Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alicia Arechavala
- Unidad de Micología, Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas Francisco Javier Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Emmanuel Marín
- Unidad de Micología, Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas Francisco Javier Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | - María de Los Ángeles Sosa
- Laboratorio Central Corrientes, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina.
| | - Florencia Rojas
- Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Corrientes, Argentina.
| | - Javier Mussin
- Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Corrientes, Argentina.
| | - Sonia Contreras
- Hospital de Alta Complejidad El Calafate, SAMIC, Santa Cruz, Argentina.
| | - Viviana Galache
- Hospital de Alta Complejidad El Calafate, SAMIC, Santa Cruz, Argentina.
| | - María Guerrero
- Hospital de Alta Complejidad El Calafate, SAMIC, Santa Cruz, Argentina.
| | - Vanesa Sosa
- Laboratorio de Alta Complejidad (LACMI), Hospital Madariaga, Posadas, Argentina.
| | - Yone Chacón
- Hospital Señor del Milagro, Salta, Argentina.
| | - Christian Álvarez
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Laboratorio de Salud Pública de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Ivana Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mercedes Romero
- CEMAR, Departamento Bioquímico, Secretaría de Salud Pública, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Sofía Echazarreta
- Sala 9, Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas Francisco Javier Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Norma Fernández
- Laboratorio de Micología, Hospital de Clínicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Silvia Relloso
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno", Argentina.
| | - Julián Serrano
- Sección de Micología, Hospital Independencia, Santiago del Estero, Argentina.
| | - Gustavo Giusiano
- Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Corrientes, Argentina.
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Gómez-Gaviria M, Martínez-Duncker I, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Differential Recognition of Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa by Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:4817-4834. [PMID: 37520448 PMCID: PMC10386844 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s419629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sporotrichosis is a mycosis frequently caused by Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. The cell wall is a species-specific fungal structure with a direct role in activating the host's immune response. The current knowledge about anti-Sporothrix immunity comes from studies using S. schenckii or S. brasiliensis and murine cells. Macrophages and dendritic cells detect and eliminate pathogens, and although the function of these cells links innate with adaptive immunity, little is known about their interaction with Sporothrix spp. Methods S. schenckii, S. brasiliensis, and S. globosa conidia or yeast-like cells were co-incubated with human monocyte-derived macrophages or dendritic cells, and the phagocytosis and cytokine stimulation were assessed. These interactions were also performed in the presence of specific blocking agents of immune receptors or fungal cells with altered walls to analyze the contribution of these molecules to the immune cell-fungus interaction. Results Both types of immune cells phagocytosed S. globosa conidia and yeast-like cells to a greater extent, followed by S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii. Furthermore, when the wall internal components were exposed, the phagocytosis level increased for S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, in contrast to S. globosa. Thus, the cell wall components have different functions during the interaction with macrophages and dendritic cells. S. globosa stimulated an increased proinflammatory response when compared to the other species. In macrophages, this was a dectin-1-, mannose receptor-, and TLR2-dependent response, but dectin-1- and TLR2-dependent stimulation in dendritic cells. For S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, cytokine production was dependent on the activation of TLR4, CR3, and DC-SIGN. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that these species are recognized by immune cells differently and that this may depend on both the structure and cell wall organization of the different morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GuanajuatoMéxico
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular; Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Laura C García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GuanajuatoMéxico
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GuanajuatoMéxico
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Thomson P, González C, Blank O, Ramírez V, del Río C, Santibáñez S, Pena P. Sporotrichosis Outbreak Due to Sporothrix brasiliensis in Domestic Cats in Magallanes, Chile: A One-Health-Approach Study. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020226. [PMID: 36836340 PMCID: PMC9962391 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an implantation mycosis with subcutaneo-lymphatic or, more rarely, a viscerally disseminated affection; it can be acquired through traumatic percutaneous inoculation of the fungus present in soil or plant matter, or by feline scratching. Among the causative agents, Sporothrix brasiliensis is considered the most virulent species with a high prevalence in Brazil and recently in Argentina. OBJECTIVE To describe a S. brasiliensis outbreak in domestic and feral cats detected in the Magallanes region of southern Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between the months of July and September 2022, three cats presented with suppurative subcutaneous lesions located mainly on the head and thoracic limbs. The cytology revealed the presence of yeasts with morphological characteristics suggestive of Sporothrix spp. The histopathology confirmed pyogranulomatous subcutaneous lesions associated with the presence of the same yeasts. The fungal culture followed by the partial gene sequence and analysis of the ITS region confirmed the diagnosis of the S. brasiliensis as the causative agent. The cats were treated with itraconazole associated in one case with potassium iodide. The evolution of the patients was favorable in all cases. CONCLUSIONS An outbreak caused by S. brasiliensis was detected in domestic and feral cats in austral Chile. The correct identification of this fungus and antifungigram is essential for treatment decisions and for designing dissemination control and prevention programs under a one health approach that consider the health of people, animals, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Thomson
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Microbioma, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-227-703-688
| | - Carlos González
- Laboratorio de Anatomía e Histopatología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile
- Laboratorio de Histopatología, CITOVET, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750538, Chile
| | - Olivia Blank
- Clínica Veterinaria Timaukel, Punta Arenas 6210648, Chile
| | | | - Camila del Río
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Microbioma, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile
| | - Sebastián Santibáñez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Microbioma, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile
| | - Pamela Pena
- Clínica Veterinaria Timaukel, Punta Arenas 6210648, Chile
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Vargas-Maya NI, Olmedo-Monfil V, Ramírez-Prado JH, Reyes-Cortés R, Padilla-Vaca F, Franco B. Catalases in the pathogenesis of Sporothrix schenckii research. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14478. [PMID: 36523453 PMCID: PMC9745942 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungal infection success depends on the ability to escape the immune response. Most strategies for fungal infection control are focused on the inhibition of virulence factors and increasing the effectiveness of antifungal drugs. Nevertheless, little attention has been focused on their physiological resistance to the host immune system. Hints may be found in pathogenic fungi that also inhabit the soil. In nature, the saprophyte lifestyle of fungi is also associated with predators that can induce oxidative stress upon cell damage. The natural sources of nutrients for fungi are linked to cellulose degradation, which in turn generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overall, the antioxidant arsenal needed to thrive both in free-living and pathogenic lifestyles in fungi is fundamental for success. In this review, we present recent findings regarding catalases and oxidative stress in fungi and how these can be in close relationship with pathogenesis. Additionally, special focus is placed on catalases of Sporothrix schenckii as a pathogenic model with a dual lifestyle. It is assumed that catalase expression is activated upon exposure to H2O2, but there are reports where this is not always the case. Additionally, it may be relevant to consider the role of catalases in S. schenckii survival in the saprophytic lifestyle and why their study can assess their involvement in the survival and therefore, in the virulence phenotype of different species of Sporothrix and when each of the three catalases are required. Also, studying antioxidant mechanisms in other isolates of pathogenic and free-living fungi may be linked to the virulence phenotype and be potential therapeutic and diagnostic targets. Thus, the rationale for this review to place focus on fungal catalases and their role in pathogenesis in addition to counteracting the effect of immune system reactive oxygen species. Fungi that thrive in soil and have mammal hosts could shed light on the importance of these enzymes in the two types of lifestyles. We look forward to encouraging more research in a myriad of areas on catalase biology with a focus on basic and applied objectives and placing these enzymes as virulence determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ruth Reyes-Cortés
- Biology Department, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Felipe Padilla-Vaca
- Biology Department, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Bernardo Franco
- Biology Department, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México
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López-Ramírez LA, Martínez-Duncker I, Márquez-Márquez A, Vargas-Macías AP, Mora-Montes HM. Silencing of ROT2, the Encoding Gene of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Glucosidase II, Affects the Cell Wall and the Sporothrix schenckii-Host Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1220. [PMID: 36422041 PMCID: PMC9692468 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is a member of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade and one of the most common etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous fungal infection that affects both animal and human beings. Like other fungal pathogens, the Sporothrix cell wall is composed of structural polysaccharides and glycoproteins that are covalently modified with both N-linked and O-linked glycans. Thus far, little is known about the N-linked glycosylation pathway in this organism or its contribution to cell wall composition and interaction with the host. Here, we silenced ROT2, which encodes the catalytic subunit of the endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidase II, a processing enzyme key for the N-linked glycan core processing. Silencing of ROT2 led to the accumulation of the Glc2Man9GlcNAC2 glycan core at the cell wall and a reduction in the total content of N-linked glycans found in the wall. However, the highly silenced mutants showed a compensatory mechanism with increased content of cell wall O-linked glycans. The phenotype of mutants with intermediate levels of ROT2 silencing was more informative, as they showed changes in the cell wall composition and exposure of β-1.3-glucans and chitin at the cell surface. Furthermore, the ability to stimulate cytokine production by human mononuclear cells was affected, along with the phagocytosis by human monocyte-derived macrophages, in a mannose receptor-, complement receptor 3-, and TLR4-dependent stimulation. In an insect model of experimental sporotrichosis, these mutant cells showed virulence attenuation. In conclusion, S. schenckii ROT2 is required for proper N-linked glycosylation, cell wall organization and composition, and interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz A. López-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Anayeli Márquez-Márquez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Ana P. Vargas-Macías
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
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