1
|
Xiao X, Gao C. Saikosaponins Targeting Programmed Cell Death as Anticancer Agents: Mechanisms and Future Perspectives. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:3697-3714. [PMID: 39185081 PMCID: PMC11345020 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s470455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Saikosaponins (SS), which are major bioactive compounds in Radix Bupleuri, have long been used clinically for multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway therapeutic strategies. Programmed cell death (PCD) induction is among the multiple mechanisms of SS and mediates the anticancer efficacy of this drug family. Although SS show promise for anticancer therapy, the available data to explain how SS mediate their key anticancer effects through PCD (apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis) remain limited and piecemeal. This review offers an extensive analysis of the key pathways and mechanisms involved in PCD and explores the importance of SS in cancer. We believe that high-quality clinical trials and a deeper understanding of the pharmacological targets involved in the signalling cascades that govern tumour initiation and progression are needed to facilitate the development of innovative SS-based treatments. Elucidating the specific anticancer pathways activated by SS and further clarifying how comprehensive therapies lead to cross-link among the different types of cell death will inspire the clinical translation of SS as cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine Center, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunfang Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine Center, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen H, Lu X, Xu B, Cheng G, Li Y, Xie D. Saikosaponin d protects pancreatic acinar cells against cerulein-induced pyroptosis through alleviating mitochondrial damage and inhibiting cGAS-STING pathway. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:1005-1013. [PMID: 38462915 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis represents an inflammatory disease featuring pancreatic necrosis and inflammation. Inflammatory injury of pancreatic acinar cells (PACs) is critically involved in the initiation and progression of acute pancreatitis. Pyroptosis, a new kind of programmed cell death concomitant with a low-grade inflammatory reaction, plays a function in acute pancreatitis pathology. It is unclear whether saikosaponin d (SSd), a pharmacologically active natural product, could protect PACs by regulating pyroptosis. Here, we established a PAC injury model in vitro using cerulein to treat AR42J cells. SSd restored viability and proliferation and lowered the release of pancreatic enzymes and inflammatory interleukins in cerulein-treated AR42J cells. Cerulein-induced pyroptosis was evidenced by typical ultrastructural changes and NLRP3/caspase-1 activation in AR42J cells, but SSd attenuated cerulein-induced pyroptosis and inhibited NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway. Mechanically, SSd reduced mitochondrial damage and mtDNA release, and blocked cGAS-STING signaling in AR42J cells treated with cerulein, contributing to the inhibition of NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis. Furthermore, SSd abolished cerulein-elevated oxidative stress in AR42J cells, leading to the mitigation of mitochondrial damage and inhibition of cGAS-STING signaling and pyroptosis. In conclusion, SSd protected PACs against cerulein-induced pyroptosis by alleviating mitochondrial damage and inhibiting the cGAS-STING pathway, and it could be a therapeutic candidate for acute pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Emergency, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Xirong Lu
- Department of Spleen and Stomach, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Beiqi Xu
- Department of Emergency, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Emergency, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Yuyi Li
- Department of Spleen and Stomach, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Emergency, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Manoharan S, Saha S, Murugesan K, Santhakumar A, Perumal E. Natural bioactive compounds and STAT3 against hepatocellular carcinoma: An update. Life Sci 2024; 337:122351. [PMID: 38103726 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a challenging and very fatal liver cancer. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway is a crucial regulator of tumor development and are ubiquitously active in HCC. Therefore, targeting STAT3 has emerged as a promising approach for preventing and treating HCC. Various natural bioactive compounds (NBCs) have been proven to target STAT3 and have the potential to prevent and treat HCC as STAT3 inhibitors. Numerous kinds of STAT3 inhibitors have been identified, including small molecule inhibitors, peptide inhibitors, and oligonucleotide inhibitors. Due to the undesirable side effects of the conventional therapeutic drugs against HCC, the focus is shifted to NBCs derived from plants and other natural sources. NBCs can be broadly classified into the categories of terpenes, alkaloids, carotenoids, and phenols. Most of the compounds belong to the family of terpenes, which prevent tumorigenesis by inhibiting STAT3 nuclear translocation. Further, through STAT3 inhibition, terpenes downregulate matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), modulating metastasis. Terpenes also suppress the anti-apoptotic proteins and cell cycle markers. This review provides comprehensive information related to STAT3 abrogation by NBCs in HCC with in vitro and in vivo evidences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suryaa Manoharan
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Shreejit Saha
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Krishnasanthiya Murugesan
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Aksayakeerthana Santhakumar
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Z, Zhu JF, Ouyang H. Progress on traditional Chinese medicine in improving hepatic fibrosis through inhibiting oxidative stress. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:1091-1108. [PMID: 37970620 PMCID: PMC10642434 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i10.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a common pathological process that occurs in the development of various chronic liver diseases into cirrhosis and liver cancer, characterized by excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix. In the past, hepatic fibrosis was thought to be a static and irreversible pathological process. In recent years, with the rapid development of molecular biology and the continuous in-depth study of the liver at the microscopic level, more and more evidence has shown that hepatic fibrosis is a dynamic and reversible process. Therefore, it is particularly important to find an effective, simple, and inexpensive method for its prevention and treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) occupies an important position in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis due to its advantages of low adverse reactions, low cost, and multi-target effectiveness. A large number of research results have shown that TCM monomers, single herbal extracts, and TCM formulas play important roles in the prevention and treatment of hepatic fibrosis. Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the key factors in the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, this article reviews the progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of TCM monomers, single herbal extracts, and TCM formulas in preventing and treating hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting OS in recent years, in order to provide a reference and basis for drug therapy of hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Liver, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun-Feng Zhu
- Department of Liver, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department of Liver, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hao Ouyang
- Department of Liver, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang R, Zeng M, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Lv N, Wang L, Gan J, Li Y, Jiang X, Yang L. Therapeutic Candidates for Alzheimer's Disease: Saponins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10505. [PMID: 37445682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug development for Alzheimer's disease, the leading cause of dementia, has been a long-standing challenge. Saponins, which are steroid or triterpenoid glycosides with various pharmacological activities, have displayed therapeutic potential in treating Alzheimer's disease. In a comprehensive review of the literature from May 2007 to May 2023, we identified 63 references involving 40 different types of saponins that have been studied for their effects on Alzheimer's disease. These studies suggest that saponins have the potential to ameliorate Alzheimer's disease by reducing amyloid beta peptide deposition, inhibiting tau phosphorylation, modulating oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, and antiapoptosis. Most intriguingly, ginsenoside Rg1 and pseudoginsenoside-F11 possess these important pharmacological properties and show the best promise for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review provides a summary and classification of common saponins that have been studied for their therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease, showcasing their underlying mechanisms. This highlights the promising potential of saponins for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Miao Zeng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Nuan Lv
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Luming Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiali Gan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yawen Li
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tang TT, Jiang L, Zhong Q, Ni ZJ, Thakur K, Khan MR, Wei ZJ. Saikosaponin D exerts cytotoxicity on human endometrial cancer ishikawa cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting metastasis through MAPK pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 177:113815. [PMID: 37209937 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Saikosaponin D (SSD) is one of plant secondary metabolic active substance with effective anti-tumor ability; however, the toxicity of Saikosaponin D on human endometrial cancer Ishikawa cells is still unclear. Our results revealed that SSD displayed cytotoxicity on the Ishikawa cell with an IC50 = 15.69 μM, but was non-toxic to the human normal cell line HEK293. SSD could upregulate p21 and Cyclin B to keep cells in the G2/M stage. In addition, it activated the death receptor and mitochondrion routes to induce apoptosis in Ishikawa cells. The transwell chamber and wound healing results showed that SSD inhibited the cell migration and invasion. In addition, we found that it was closely related to the MAPK cascade pathway, and it could mediate the three classical MAPK pathways to block cell metastasis. In conclusion, SSD could be potentially beneficial as a natural secondary metabolite in preventing and treating endometrial carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Tong Tang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Jiang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Zhong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China; School of Biological Science and Engineering, Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-Jing Ni
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China; School of Biological Science and Engineering, Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kiran Thakur
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China; School of Biological Science and Engineering, Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mohammad Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China; School of Biological Science and Engineering, Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|