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Rakhshankhah N, Abbaszadeh M, Kazemi A, Rezaei SS, Roozpeykar S, Arabfard M. Deep learning approach to femoral AVN detection in digital radiography: differentiating patients and pre-collapse stages. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:547. [PMID: 39010001 PMCID: PMC11251364 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07669-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate a new deep-learning model for diagnosing avascular necrosis of the femoral head (AVNFH) by analyzing pelvic anteroposterior digital radiography. METHODS The study sample included 1167 hips. The radiographs were independently classified into 6 stages by a radiologist using their simultaneous MRIs. After that, the radiographs were given to train and test the deep learning models of the project including SVM and ANFIS layer using the Python programming language and TensorFlow library. In the last step, the test set of hip radiographs was provided to two independent radiologists with different work experiences to compare their diagnosis performance to the deep learning models' performance using the F1 score and Mcnemar test analysis. RESULTS The performance of SVM for AVNFH detection (AUC = 82.88%) was slightly higher than less experienced radiologists (79.68%) and slightly lower than experienced radiologists (88.4%) without reaching significance (p-value > 0.05). Evaluation of the performance of SVM for pre-collapse AVNFH detection with an AUC of 73.58% showed significantly higher performance than less experienced radiologists (AUC = 60.70%, p-value < 0.001). On the other hand, no significant difference is noted between experienced radiologists and SVM for pre-collapse detection. ANFIS algorithm for AVNFH detection with an AUC of 86.60% showed significantly higher performance than less experienced radiologists (AUC = 79.68%, p-value = 0.04). Although reaching less performance compared to experienced radiologists statistically not significant (AUC = 88.40%, p-value = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS Our study has shed light on the remarkable capabilities of SVM and ANFIS as diagnostic tools for AVNFH detection in radiography. Their ability to achieve high accuracy with remarkable efficiency makes them promising candidates for early detection and intervention, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Rakhshankhah
- Department of Radiology and Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abbaszadeh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Kazemi
- Department of Radiology and Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Soltan Rezaei
- Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Roozpeykar
- Department of Radiology and Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Arabfard
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ditmer S, Dwenger N, Jensen LN, Kim H, Boel RV, Ghaffari A, Rahbek O. Fully automatic system to detect and segment the proximal femur in pelvic radiographic images for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:1074-1085. [PMID: 38053300 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a method using computer vision techniques to accurately detect and delineate the proximal femur in radiographs of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) patients. Currently, evaluating femoral head deformity, a crucial predictor of LCPD outcomes, relies on unreliable categorical and qualitative classifications. To address this limitation, we employed the pretrained object detection model YOLOv5 to detect the proximal femur on over 2000 radiographs, including images of shoulders and chests, to enhance robustness and generalizability. Subsequently, we utilized the U-Net convolutional neural network architecture for image segmentation of the proximal femur in more than 800 manually annotated images of stage IV LCPD. The results demonstrate outstanding performance, with the object detection model achieving high accuracy (mean average precision of 0.99) and the segmentation model attaining an accuracy score of 91%, dice coefficient of 0.75, and binary IoU score of 0.85 on the held-out test set. The proposed fully automatic proximal femur detection and segmentation system offers a promising approach to accurately detect and delineate the proximal femoral bone contour in radiographic images, which is essential for further image analysis in LCPD patients. Clinical significance: This study highlights the potential of computer vision techniques for enhancing the reliability of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease staging and outcome prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Ditmer
- School of Communication and Culture, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicole Dwenger
- School of Communication and Culture, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Louise N Jensen
- School of Communication and Culture, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Harry Kim
- Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Rikke V Boel
- Department of Interdisciplinary Orthopedics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Arash Ghaffari
- Department of Interdisciplinary Orthopedics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ole Rahbek
- Department of Interdisciplinary Orthopedics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Chen CC, Wu CT, Chen CPC, Chung CY, Chen SC, Lee MS, Cheng CT, Liao CH. Predicting the Risk of Total Hip Replacement by Using A Deep Learning Algorithm on Plain Pelvic Radiographs: Diagnostic Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e42788. [PMID: 37862084 PMCID: PMC10625092 DOI: 10.2196/42788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total hip replacement (THR) is considered the gold standard of treatment for refractory degenerative hip disorders. Identifying patients who should receive THR in the short term is important. Some conservative treatments, such as intra-articular injection administered a few months before THR, may result in higher odds of arthroplasty infection. Delayed THR after functional deterioration may result in poorer outcomes and longer waiting times for those who have been flagged as needing THR. Deep learning (DL) in medical imaging applications has recently obtained significant breakthroughs. However, the use of DL in practical wayfinding, such as short-term THR prediction, is still lacking. OBJECTIVE In this study, we will propose a DL-based assistant system for patients with pelvic radiographs to identify the need for THR within 3 months. METHODS We developed a convolutional neural network-based DL algorithm to analyze pelvic radiographs, predict the hip region of interest (ROI), and determine whether or not THR is required. The data set was collected from August 2008 to December 2017. The images included 3013 surgical hip ROIs that had undergone THR and 1630 nonsurgical hip ROIs. The images were split, using split-sample validation, into training (n=3903, 80%), validation (n=476, 10%), and testing (n=475, 10%) sets to evaluate the algorithm performance. RESULTS The algorithm, called SurgHipNet, yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.994 (95% CI 0.990-0.998). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score of the model were 0.977, 0.920, 0932, and 0.944, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The proposed approach has demonstrated that SurgHipNet shows the ability and potential to provide efficient support in clinical decision-making; it can assist physicians in promptly determining the optimal timing for THR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chi Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Carl P C Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Chung
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Mel S Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pao-Chien Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tung Cheng
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Liao
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Chen CC, Huang JF, Lin WC, Cheng CT, Chen SC, Fu CY, Lee MS, Liao CH, Chung CY. The Feasibility and Performance of Total Hip Replacement Prediction Deep Learning Algorithm with Real World Data. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:458. [PMID: 37106645 PMCID: PMC10136253 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Hip degenerative disorder is a common geriatric disease is the main causes to lead to total hip replacement (THR). The surgical timing of THR is crucial for post-operative recovery. Deep learning (DL) algorithms can be used to detect anomalies in medical images and predict the need for THR. The real world data (RWD) were used to validate the artificial intelligence and DL algorithm in medicine but there was no previous study to prove its function in THR prediction. (2) Methods: We designed a sequential two-stage hip replacement prediction deep learning algorithm to identify the possibility of THR in three months of hip joints by plain pelvic radiography (PXR). We also collected RWD to validate the performance of this algorithm. (3) Results: The RWD totally included 3766 PXRs from 2018 to 2019. The overall accuracy of the algorithm was 0.9633; sensitivity was 0.9450; specificity was 1.000 and the precision was 1.000. The negative predictive value was 0.9009, the false negative rate was 0.0550, and the F1 score was 0.9717. The area under curve was 0.972 with 95% confidence interval from 0.953 to 0.987. (4) Conclusions: In summary, this DL algorithm can provide an accurate and reliable method for detecting hip degeneration and predicting the need for further THR. RWD offered an alternative support of the algorithm and validated its function to save time and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chi Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taoyuan 33328, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Fu Huang
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taoyuan 33328, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Lin
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taoyuan 33328, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tung Cheng
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taoyuan 33328, Taiwan
| | - Shann-Ching Chen
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taoyuan 33328, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Fu
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taoyuan 33328, Taiwan
| | - Mel S. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pao-Chien Hospital, Pingtung 90078, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Liao
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taoyuan 33328, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Chung
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taoyuan 33328, Taiwan
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Cheng CT, Hsu CP, Ooyang CH, Chou CY, Lin NY, Lin JY, Ku YK, Lin HS, Kao SK, Chen HW, Wu YT, Liao CH. Evaluation of ensemble strategy on the development of multiple view ankle fracture detection algorithm. Br J Radiol 2023; 96:20220924. [PMID: 36930721 PMCID: PMC10161902 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20220924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the feasibility and efficiency of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) in the detection of ankle fractures and to explore ensemble strategies that applied multiple projections of radiographs.Ankle radiographs (AXRs) are the primary tool used to diagnose ankle fractures. Applying DCNN algorithms on AXRs can potentially improve the diagnostic accuracy and efficiency of detecting ankle fractures. METHODS A DCNN was trained using a trauma image registry, including 3102 AXRs. We separately trained the DCNN on anteroposterior (AP) and lateral (Lat) AXRs. Different ensemble methods, such as "sum-up," "severance-OR," and "severance-Both," were evaluated to incorporate the results of the model using different projections of view. RESULTS The AP/Lat model's individual sensitivity, specificity, positive-predictive value, accuracy, and F1 score were 79%/84%, 90%/86%, 88%/86%, 83%/85%, and 0.816/0.850, respectively. Furthermore, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the AP/Lat model was 0.890/0.894 (95% CI: 0.826-0.954/0.831-0.953). The sum-up method generated balanced results by applying both models and obtained an AUROC of 0.917 (95% CI: 0.863-0.972) with 87% accuracy. The severance-OR method resulted in a better sensitivity of 90%, and the severance-Both method obtained a high specificity of 94%. CONCLUSION Ankle fracture in the AXR could be identified by the trained DCNN algorithm. The selection of ensemble methods can depend on the clinical situation which might help clinicians detect ankle fractures efficiently without interrupting the current clinical pathway. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE This study demonstrated different ensemble strategies of AI algorithms on multiple view AXRs to optimize the performance in various clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Tung Cheng
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou ; Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Po Hsu
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou ; Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Ooyang
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou ; Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Chou
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou ; Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Yu Lin
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou; Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yen Lin
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Kang Ku
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hou-Shian Lin
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou ; Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Ku Kao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Green Technology Research Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Wu Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tung Wu
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou ; Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Liao
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou ; Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Mori Y, Oichi T, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Saito T. Automatic Detection of Medial and Lateral Compartments from Histological Sections of Mouse Knee Joints Using the Single-Shot Multibox Detector Algorithm. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221074009. [PMID: 35109699 PMCID: PMC9137316 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221074009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although mouse osteoarthritis (OA) models are widely used, their histological analysis may be susceptible to arbitrariness and inter-examiner variability in conventional methods. Therefore, a method for the unbiased scoring of OA histology is needed. In this study, as the first step for establishing this system, we developed a computer-vision algorithm that automatically detects the medial and lateral compartments of mouse knee sections in a rigorous and unbiased manner. DESIGN A total of 706 images of coronal sections of mouse knee joints stained by hematoxylin and eosin, safranin O, or toluidine blue were randomly divided into training and validation images at a ratio of 80:20. A model to detect both compartments automatically was built by machine learning using a single-shot multibox detector (SSD) algorithm with training images. The model was tested to determine whether it could accurately detect both compartments by analyzing the validation images and 52 images of sections stained with Picrosirius red, a method not used for the training images. RESULTS The trained model accurately detected both medial and lateral compartments of all 140 validation images regardless of the staining method employed, severity of articular cartilage defects, and the anatomical positions and conditions of the sections. Our model also correctly detected both compartments of 50 of 52 Picrosirius red-stained images. CONCLUSIONS By applying deep learning based on the SSD algorithm, we successfully developed a model that detects the locations of the medial and lateral compartments of tissue sections of mouse knee joints with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Mori
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Oichi
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Rudert M. Taking the Next Step in Personalised Orthopaedic Implantation. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12030365. [PMID: 35330365 PMCID: PMC8953561 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Rudert
- Orthopaedic Department, König-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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