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Joly-Mischlich T, Maltais S, Tétu A, Delorme MN, Boilard B, Pavic M. Application of the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to identify vulnerabilities and opportunities for improvement prior to implementing a computerized prescription order entry (CPOE) system in a university hospital oncology clinic. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2023; 29:88-95. [PMID: 34751068 DOI: 10.1177/10781552211053253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prior to implementing a new computerized prescription order entry (CPOE) application, the potential risks associated with this system were assessed and compared to those of paper-based prescriptions. The goal of this study is to identify the vulnerabilities of the CPOE process in order to adapt its design and prevent these potential risks. METHODS AND MATERIALS Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) was used as a prospective risk-management technique to evaluate the chemotherapy medication process in a university hospital oncology clinic. A multidisciplinary team assessed the process and compared the critical steps of a newly developed CPOE application versus paper-based prescriptions. The potential severity, occurrence and detectability were assessed prior to the implementation of the CPOE application in the clinical setting. RESULTS The FMEA led to the identification of 24 process steps that could theoretically be vulnerable, therefore called failure modes. These failure modes were grouped into four categories of potential risk factors: prescription writing, patient scheduling, treatment dispensing and patient follow-up. Criticality scores were calculated and compared for both strategies. Three failure modes were prioritized and led to modification of the CPOE design. Overall, the CPOE pathway showed a potential risk reduction of 51% compared to paper-based prescriptions. CONCLUSION FMEA was found to be a useful approach to identify potential risks in the chemotherapy medication process using either CPOE or paper-based prescriptions. The e-prescription mode was estimated to result in less risk than the traditional paper mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Joly-Mischlich
- Department of Pharmacy, 142379Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 7321Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,142379Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Serge Maltais
- Department of Pharmacy, 142379Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Amélie Tétu
- 142379Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Noëlle Delorme
- Direction of Nursing, 142379Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Brigitte Boilard
- Department of Pharmacy, 142379Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Pavic
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 7321Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,142379Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, 142379Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke,, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Stenmarck MS, Engen C, Strand R. Reframing cancer: challenging the discourse on cancer and cancer drugs-a Norwegian perspective : Reframing Cancer. BMC Med Ethics 2021; 22:126. [PMID: 34548091 PMCID: PMC8454291 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-021-00693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As the range of therapeutic options in the field of oncology increases, so too does the strain on health care budgets. The imbalance between what is medically possible and financially feasible is frequently rendered as an issue of tragic choices, giving rise to public controversies around health care rationing. Main body We analyse the Norwegian media discourse on expensive cancer drugs and identify four underlying premises: (1) Cancer drugs are de facto expensive, and one does not and should not question why. (2) Cancer drugs have an indubitable efficacy. (3) Any lifetime gained for a cancer patient is an absolute good, and (4) cancer patients and doctors own the truth about cancer. Applying a principle-based approach, we argue that these premises should be challenged on moral grounds. Within the Norwegian public discourse, however, the premises largely remain unchallenged due to what we find to be unjustified claims of moral superiority. We therefore explore alternative framings of the issue of expensive cancer drugs and discuss their potential to escape the predicament of tragic choices. Conclusions In a media discourse that has seemingly stagnated, awareness of the framings within it is necessary in order to challenge the current tragic choices predicament the discourse finds itself in. In order to allow for a discourse not solely concerned with the issue of tragic choices, the premises that underlie it must be subjected to critical examination. As the field of oncology advances rapidly, we depend on a discussion of its opportunities and challenges that is meaningful, and that soberly addresses the future of cancer care—both its potential and its limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mille Sofie Stenmarck
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Caroline Engen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Roger Strand
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Iriart JAB. Precision medicine/personalized medicine: a critical analysis of movements in the transformation of biomedicine in the early 21st century. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2019; 35:e00153118. [PMID: 30916181 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00153118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The enormous development of genomics research in recent decades has raised great expectations concerning its impact on biomedicine. There has been growing investment in research in personalized or precision medicine, which aims to customize medical practice with a focus on the individual, based on the use of genetic tests, identification of biomarkers, and development of targeted drugs. However, the personalized or precision medicine movement is controversial and has sparked an important debate between its defenders and critics. This essay aims to discuss the assumptions, promises, limits, and possibilities of personalized or precision medicine based on a review of the recent literature situating the debate on the theme. The review indicates that many of the promises of personalized or precision medicine remain unfulfilled. While there has been huge progress in knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of diseases and the development of drugs that have significantly impacted the treatment of some types of cancer, thus far there is no evidence that this same pattern will be reproduced in other complex diseases. Personalized or precision medicine is expected to generate incremental developments in specific areas of medicine, but there are obstacles to its generalization. The high cost of new biotechnologies can exacerbate health inequalities and become a problem for health services' sustainability, especially in low and middle-income countries. The emphasis on personalized or precision medicine may shift funds away from less costly interventions that have greater public health impact.
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Koskenvuori J, Stolt M, Suhonen R, Leino‐Kilpi H. Healthcare professionals' ethical competence: A scoping review. Nurs Open 2019; 6:5-17. [PMID: 30534390 PMCID: PMC6279725 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to examine the extent and nature of the available research literature on healthcare professionals' ethical competence and to summarize the research findings in this field. DESIGN A scoping review guided by Arksey and O'Malleys methodological framework was conducted. METHODS Six databases including Pubmed/Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science Core Collection, PsycInfo, Philosophers' Index, and Scopus were searched systematically. Of 1,476 nonduplicate citations, 17 matched the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Findings revealed that healthcare professionals' ethical competence is a limited but topical research area. The focus areas of the studies were conceptualization, measuring, and realization of the ethical competence. The studies provided varying definitions and constructions for ethical competence and a few instruments to measure ethical competence were identified. Research in this area seems to be in a transition phase from theorization to empirical measurement. Methodologically, the research was rather heterogeneous and mainly focused on nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minna Stolt
- Department of Nursing ScienceUniversity of TurkuFinland
| | - Riitta Suhonen
- Department of Nursing ScienceUniversity of TurkuFinland
- Turku University HospitalFinland
- City of Turku, Welfare DivisionFinland
| | - Helena Leino‐Kilpi
- Department of Nursing ScienceUniversity of TurkuFinland
- Turku University HospitalFinland
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Abstract
The first step toward solutions to ethical problems.
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Koskenvuori J, Numminen O, Suhonen R. Ethical climate in nursing environment: A scoping review. Nurs Ethics 2017; 26:327-345. [DOI: 10.1177/0969733017712081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: In the past two decades, interest in the concept of ethical climate and in its research has increased in healthcare. Ethical climate is viewed as a type of organizational work climate, and defined as the shared perception of ethically correct behavior, and how ethical issues should be handled in the organization. Ethical climate as an important element of nursing environment has been the focus of several studies. However, scoping reviews of ethical climate research in nursing have not been conducted to guide further research in this area. Objective: The purpose of this scoping review is to describe and analyze studies focusing on ethical climate in nursing environment to elicit an overall picture of the research in this field. Methods: A scoping review methodology guided by Arksey and O’Malley and Levac et al. was used. Studies were identified by conducting electronic searches on PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science Core Collection, PsycINFO, and Scopus and Philosophers’ Index databases. Of 1051 citations, 56 articles matched the inclusion criteria. Ethical considerations: This study was conducted according to good scientific guidelines. Findings: Ethical climate is a topical research area which has been explored with different methods and outcomes, in different environments, and has mainly been perceived positively. The focus of the studies was on finding associations between ethical climate and work-related factors such as job satisfaction, moral distress, and turnover intentions. Methodologically, research was rather homogeneous using quantitative, descriptive, and correlative research designs. Conclusion: Novel perspectives and more diverse methodological approaches paying attentions to issues affecting generalizability of the findings could expand our knowledge in this area.
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Ferreira CG, Achatz MI, Ashton-Prolla P, Begnami MD, Marchini FK, Stefani SD. Brazilian health-care policy for targeted oncology therapies and companion diagnostic testing. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17:e363-e370. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Cancer drug resistance leading to therapeutic failure in the treatment of many cancers encompasses various mechanisms and may be intrinsic relying on the patient's genetic makeup or be acquired by tumors that are initially sensitive to cancer drugs. All in all, it may be responsible for treatment failure in over 90 % of patients with metastatic cancer. Cancer drug resistance, in particular acquired resistance, may stem from the micro-clonality/micro-genetic heterogeneity of the tumors whereby, among others, the following mechanisms may entail resistance: altered expression of drug influx/efflux transporters in the tumor cells mediating lower drug uptake and/or greater efflux of the drug; altered role of DNA repair and impairment of apoptosis; role of epigenomics/epistasis by methylation, acetylation, and altered levels of microRNAs leading to alterations in upstream or downstream effectors; mutation of drug targets in targeted therapy and alterations in the cell cycle and checkpoints; and tumor microenvironment that are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rueff
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, 1150-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - António Sebastião Rodrigues
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, 1150-008, Lisbon, Portugal
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Polite BN, Ward JC, Cox JV, Morton RF, Hennessy J, Page RD, Conti RM. Payment for oncolytics in the United States: a history of buy and bill and proposals for reform. J Oncol Pract 2015; 10:357-62. [PMID: 25398955 DOI: 10.1200/jop.2014.001958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors review and discuss the opportunities and challenges raised by policy options for Average Sales Price reform or replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blase N Polite
- University of Chicago Medicine; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Swedish Cancer Institute, Edmonds, WA; Texas Oncology-Methodist, Dallas; Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Fort Worth, TX; Medical Oncology and Hematology Associates, Des Moines, IA; and Sarah Cannon Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeffery C Ward
- University of Chicago Medicine; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Swedish Cancer Institute, Edmonds, WA; Texas Oncology-Methodist, Dallas; Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Fort Worth, TX; Medical Oncology and Hematology Associates, Des Moines, IA; and Sarah Cannon Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - John V Cox
- University of Chicago Medicine; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Swedish Cancer Institute, Edmonds, WA; Texas Oncology-Methodist, Dallas; Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Fort Worth, TX; Medical Oncology and Hematology Associates, Des Moines, IA; and Sarah Cannon Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Roscoe F Morton
- University of Chicago Medicine; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Swedish Cancer Institute, Edmonds, WA; Texas Oncology-Methodist, Dallas; Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Fort Worth, TX; Medical Oncology and Hematology Associates, Des Moines, IA; and Sarah Cannon Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - John Hennessy
- University of Chicago Medicine; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Swedish Cancer Institute, Edmonds, WA; Texas Oncology-Methodist, Dallas; Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Fort Worth, TX; Medical Oncology and Hematology Associates, Des Moines, IA; and Sarah Cannon Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ray D Page
- University of Chicago Medicine; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Swedish Cancer Institute, Edmonds, WA; Texas Oncology-Methodist, Dallas; Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Fort Worth, TX; Medical Oncology and Hematology Associates, Des Moines, IA; and Sarah Cannon Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Rena M Conti
- University of Chicago Medicine; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Swedish Cancer Institute, Edmonds, WA; Texas Oncology-Methodist, Dallas; Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Fort Worth, TX; Medical Oncology and Hematology Associates, Des Moines, IA; and Sarah Cannon Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
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Howard DH, Bach PB, Berndt ER, Conti RM. Pricing in the Market for Anticancer Drugs. THE JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION 2015; 29:139-62. [PMID: 28441702 DOI: 10.1257/jep.29.1.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In 2011, Bristol-Myers Squibb set the price of its newly approved melanoma drug ipilimumab—brand name Yervoy—at $120,000 for a course of therapy. The drug was associated with an incremental increase in life expectancy of four months. Drugs like ipilimumab have fueled the perception that the launch prices of new anticancer drugs and other drugs in the so-called “specialty” pharmaceutical market have been increasing over time and that increases are unrelated to the magnitude of the expected health benefits. In this paper, we discuss the unique features of the market for anticancer drugs and assess trends in the launch prices for 58 anticancer drugs approved between 1995 and 2013 in the United States. We restrict attention to anticancer drugs because the use of median survival time as a primary outcome measure provides a common, objective scale for quantifying the incremental benefit of new products. We find that the average launch price of anticancer drugs, adjusted for inflation and health benefits, increased by 10 percent annually—or an average of $8,500 per year—from 1995 to 2013. We argue that the institutional features of the market for anticancer drugs enable manufacturers to set the prices of new products at or slightly above the prices of existing therapies, giving rise to an upward trend in launch prices. Government-mandated price discounts for certain classes of buyers may have also contributed to launch price increases as firms sought to offset the growth in the discount segment by setting higher prices for the remainder of the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Howard
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health and Department of Economics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Peter B Bach
- Center for Health Policy and Outcomes, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Ernst R Berndt
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rena M Conti
- Departments of Pediatrics and Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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