Modified VMAT Plans for Locally Advanced Centrally Located Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Multi-Planar VMAT Plans for High-Grade Glioma and Glioblastoma Targeting the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Sparing

Background: This study aimed to identify the better arc configuration of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for high-grade glioma and glioblastoma, focusing on a dose reduction to the hypothalamic–pituitary axis through an analysis of dose-volumetric parameters, as well as a correlation analysis between the planned target volume (PTV) to organs at risk (OAR) distance and the radiation dose. Method: Twenty-four patients with 9 high-grade glioma and 15 glioblastomas were included in this study. Identical CT, MRI and structure sets of each patient were used for coplanar VMAT (CO-VMAT), dual planar VMAT (DP-VMAT) and multi-planar VMAT (MP-VMAT) planning. The dose constraints adhered to the RTOG0825 and RTOG9006 protocols. The dose-volumetric parameters of each plan were collected for statistical analysis. Correlation analyses were performed between radiation dose and PTV-OARs distance. Results: The DP-VMAT and MP-VMAT achieved a significant dose reduction to most nearby OARs when compared to CO-VMAT, without compromising the dose to PTV, plan homogeneity and conformity. For centrally located OARs, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, brain stem and optic chiasm, the dose reductions ranged from 2.65 Gy to 3.91 Gy (p < 0.001) in DP-VMAT and from 2.57 Gy to 4 Gy (p < 0.001) in MP-VMAT. Similar dose reduction effects were achieved for contralaterally located OARs, including the hippocampus, optic nerve, lens and retina, ranging from 1.06 Gy to 4.37 Gy in DP-VMAT and from 0.54 Gy to 3.39 Gy in MP-VMAT. For ipsilaterally located OARs, DP-VMAT achieved a significant dose reduction of 1.75 Gy to D_max for the optic nerve. In the correlation analysis, DP-VMAT and MP-VMAT showed significant dose reductions to centrally located OARs when the PTV-OAR distance was less than 4 cm. In particular, DP-VMAT offered better sparing to the optic chiasm when it was located less than 2 cm from the PTV than that of MP-VMAT and CO-VMAT. DP-VMAT and MP-VMAT also showed better sparing to the contralateral hippocampus and retina when they were located 3–8 cm from the PTV. Conclusion: The proposed DP-VMAT and MP-VMAT demonstrated significant dose reductions to centrally located and contralateral OARs and maintained the high plan qualities to PTV with good homogeneity and conformity when compared to CO-VMAT for high-grade glioma and glioblastoma. The benefit in choosing DP-VMAT and MP-VMAT over CO-VMAT was substantial when the PTV was located near the hypothalamus, pituitary, optic chiasm, contralateral hippocampus and contralateral retina.