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Yan C, Hu W, Tu J, Li J, Liang Q, Han S. Pathogenic mechanisms and regulatory factors involved in alcoholic liver disease. J Transl Med 2023; 21:300. [PMID: 37143126 PMCID: PMC10158301 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism is a widespread and damaging behaviour of people throughout the world. Long-term alcohol consumption has resulted in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) being the leading cause of chronic liver disease. Many metabolic enzymes, including alcohol dehydrogenases such as ADH, CYP2E1, and CATacetaldehyde dehydrogenases ALDHsand nonoxidative metabolizing enzymes such as SULT, UGT, and FAEES, are involved in the metabolism of ethanol, the main component in alcoholic beverages. Ethanol consumption changes the functional or expression profiles of various regulatory factors, such as kinases, transcription factors, and microRNAs. Therefore, the underlying mechanisms of ALD are complex, involving inflammation, mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, nitrification, and oxidative stress. Moreover, recent evidence has demonstrated that the gut-liver axis plays a critical role in ALD pathogenesis. For example, ethanol damages the intestinal barrier, resulting in the release of endotoxins and alterations in intestinal flora content and bile acid metabolism. However, ALD therapies show low effectiveness. Therefore, this review summarizes ethanol metabolism pathways and highly influential pathogenic mechanisms and regulatory factors involved in ALD pathology with the aim of new therapeutic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyun Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Wanting Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinqi Tu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College of Wuhu, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuxin Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China.
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Jin Z, Cao Y, Zou H, Hao P, Xue Y. A New Method for Breath and Blood Alcohol Determination in Rats Using a Breath Alcohol Meter: An Experimental Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2022; 21:e129483. [PMID: 36937209 PMCID: PMC10016125 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-129483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The use of police breath alcohol detectors in rat breath alcohol detection experiments has always been a challenge because of the small lung capacity and inability of rats to actively inhale. However, the method of using gas chromatography to detect blood alcohol concentration is time-consuming, complex, relatively expensive, and cannot achieve on-site detection and multi-point unlimited non-invasive detection. Objectives In this study, a laboratory method was validated for rat breath ethanol concentration (BrAC) measurement to estimate blood ethanol concentration (BAC) in rats. Methods The rats were placed in a gas collection bottle, the breath sample was drawn out with a syringe, and injected into the mouthpiece of the breath alcohol detector through a rubber tube. The results were immediately detected and automatically converted to BAC. Male rats were randomly divided into three groups. The control group received an intraperitoneal injection of normal saline, the liver injury group received an intraperitoneal injection of 50% Carbon tetrachloride (CCL4 1 mL.kg-1), and the induction group received an intraperitoneal injection of phenobarbital sodium (75 mg.kg-1). Western blot analysis was used to detect the protein expression of CYP2E1. Similar grouping and experimental methods were used for female rats. Results This method was reproducible. The metabolic activity of CYP2E1 was downregulated in the injury group and upregulated in the induction group, which was consistent with the results obtained for CYP2E1 protein expression. Conclusions Our results confirmed that the rat gas cylinder breath alcohol assay can be used for multiple detections with immediate and non-invasive determination of alcohol metabolizing capacity. This is important for studies that require repeated assessment of blood alcohol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Jin
- Institute of Pharmacokinetics and Liver Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yingying Cao
- Institute of Pharmacokinetics and Liver Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Huiqiong Zou
- Institute of Pharmacokinetics and Liver Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Peipei Hao
- Institute of Pharmacokinetics and Liver Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yongzhi Xue
- Institute of Pharmacokinetics and Liver Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
- Corresponding Author: Institute of Pharmacokinetics and Liver Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China.
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