Variation in Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Salvadora oleoides Decene. and Salvadora persica L. Fruits and Aerial Part Extracts

Evaluation of Clinical Efficacy of Biodegradable Chip Containing Salvadora persica (miswak) Extract in Chitosan Base as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in the Management of Periodontitis

Objectives

This study attempted to develop 2 biodegradable periodontal chips containing Salvadora persica (miswak) or benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) extracts and evaluate their clinical effectiveness in managing periodontitis.

Methods

This clinical trial was conducted at the Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, from September 2010 to April 2012. Periodontal chips were formulated using S. persica, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) and chitosan extracts. All patients were treated with full mouth scaling and root planing at baseline. Thereafter, the periodontal pockets (≥5 mm in length) were divided into 4 groups: the control group; group 2 (plain chitosan chip); group 3 (S. persica extract); and group 4 (BITC extract). Plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal probing pocket depth and clinical attachment levels were recorded at days 0 and 60 only.

Results

A total of 12 patients participated in this study. Overall, 240 periodontal pockets were evaluated. The study revealed significant improvements in PI, BOP and reduction in periodontal pocket depth in all 4 groups (P <0.05). The improvement in clinical attachment level was significantly higher (P <0.001) among the group that received S. persica chips compared to the control and other chip-treated groups.

Conclusion

Periodontal chips containing S. persica can be used as adjuncts to treat patients with periodontitis.

Harnessing the Power of Plants: A Green Factory for Bioactive Compounds

The plant kingdom has long been revered for its complex biochemical pathways, which give rise to an incredible array of bioactive compounds [...].

Chitosan-Polyphenol Conjugates for Human Health

Human health deteriorates due to the generation and accumulation of free radicals that induce oxidative stress, damaging proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; this has become the leading cause of many deadly diseases such as cardiovascular, cancer, neurodegenerative, diabetes, and inflammation. Naturally occurring polyphenols have tremendous therapeutic potential, but their short biological half-life and rapid metabolism limit their use. Recent advancements in polymer science have provided numerous varieties of natural and synthetic polymers. Chitosan is widely used due to its biomimetic properties which include biodegradability, biocompatibility, inherent antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant properties. However, due to low solubility in water and the non-availability of the H-atom donor, the practical use of chitosan as an antioxidant is limited. Therefore, chitosan has been conjugated with polyphenols to overcome the limitations of both chitosan and polyphenol, along with increasing the potential synergistic effects of their combination for therapeutic applications. Though many methods have been evolved to conjugate chitosan with polyphenol through activated ester-modification, enzyme-mediated, and free radical induced are the most widely used strategies. The therapeutic efficiency of chitosan-polyphenol conjugates has been investigated for various disease treatments caused by ROS that have shown favorable outcomes and tremendous results. Hence, the present review focuses on the recent advancement of different strategies of chitosan-polyphenol conjugate formation with their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the therapeutic applicability of the combinatorial efficiency of chitosan-based conjugates formed using Gallic Acid, Curcumin, Catechin, and Quercetin in human health has been described in detail.