Sweet Syndrome Associated with Myelodysplastic Syndrome-A Review of a Multidisciplinary Approach

A Mysterious Rash Following Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Not So Sweet Ending

A male in his 70s, with a recent history of aortic valve replacement, mitral valve repair, and permanent pacemaker implantation (PPM), developed a fever, raised inflammatory markers, and a disseminated rash. Despite being attributed a diagnosis of an unspecified connective tissue disorder and erythema nodosum at his local hospital, his symptoms continued to deteriorate. A subsequent urgent admission was arranged to his original cardiothoracic centre for the exclusion of infective endocarditis (IE). Although this was subsequently ruled out by echocardiography and microbiological evaluation, a diagnosis of Sweet syndrome (SS) was made following a punch biopsy of a skin lesion. This was later attributed to myelodysplastic syndrome following a bone marrow biopsy. In this report, we firstly describe our diagnostic algorithm for reaching this diagnosis and the characteristic skin lesions associated with this condition. We furthermore review the history of SS, its known associations, and treatment options.

Granulomatous dermatitis in the context of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: More than just reactive infiltrates. An illustrative case report with literature review

Traditionally, skin involvement in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) has been considered to be either specific (leukemia cutis) or non-specific, with granulomatous dermatitis included in the latter group. More recently, the true nature of the myeloid cells present in the cutaneous infiltrates of this theoretically reactive dermatitis is being clarified with the use of new molecular techniques such as next-generation sequencing. The same mutations in bone marrow (BM) myeloid neoplastic cells and in the cells of cutaneous infiltrates have been found. We present the case of a 77-year-old man who presented with spread and treatment-resistant skin granulomatous lesions previous to the diagnosis of CMML. The same clonal mutations in SRSF2, IDH1, and RUNX1 were found in both skin and BM with resolution of the lesions after the initiation of azacytidine. In conclusion, we report an exceptional case in which specific granulomatous cutaneous lesions have preceded and allowed the earlier diagnosis of an underlying CMML and a review of all previous similar cases in the literature, including molecular alterations.

Persistent Sweet syndrome post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation heralding molecular relapse of myelofibrosis

Persistent Sweet syndrome in a patient with history of myelofibrosis thought to be in remission post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation leads to diagnosis of molecular relapse of myelofibrosis.

Clinical, Histopathological and Molecular Spectrum of Cutaneous Lesions in Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MDS/MPN): An Integrative Review

Myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemias include different entities that have been recently re-classified taking into account molecular and clinicopathological features. The myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) category comprises a heterogeneous group of hybrid neoplastic myeloid diseases characterized by the co-occurrence of clinical and pathological features of both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative neoplasms. The most frequent entity in this category is chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) which is, after acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the main myeloid disorder prone to develop cutaneous manifestations. Skin lesions associated with myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative neoplasms include a broad clinical, histopathological and molecular spectrum of lesions, poorly understood and without a clear-cut classification in the current medical literature. The aim of this review is to describe and classify the main clinical, histopathological and molecular patterns of cutaneous lesions in the setting of MDS/MPN in order to improve the diagnostic skills of the dermatologists, hematologists and pathologists who deal with these patients.

A Not-So-Sweet Syndrome: A Case Report of a Male Presenting With Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis

Physicians often encounter patients who present with a chief complaint of skin changes or lesions in both acute and primary care settings. Early initiation of appropriate treatment and pharmacotherapy in patients who present with rash is crucial to prevent decompensation, morbidity, and further downstream utilization of hospital resources. Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, more commonly known as Sweet syndrome, is a rare and highly symptomatic inflammatory skin condition. Early recognition of Sweet syndrome is important as it requires specific treatment considerations and often can be a sign of an underlying pro-inflammatory condition, malignancy, or reaction to new medication that must be identified. This article discusses the presentation and management of a 50-year-old male who presented with a classic presentation of Sweet syndrome.