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Wittrock A, Wittig A, Thomann CA, Stangier D, Lopes Dias NF, Tillmann W, Debus J. Spectroscopic Study of Strain, Oxidation, and Formation of Few-Layer Graphene at Steel Surfaces Tribologically Tested against MoS 2 Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39326866 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c11016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
MoS2 not only has unique optoelectronic properties realizing photonic and semiconductor applications but also serves as a promising solid lubricant in tribological three-body contacts due to its advantageous friction and wear behavior. Its functionality is defined by elementary processes including strain, oxidation processes, and material mixing. However, these mechanisms were not elucidated for MoS2 having transferred from the MoS2 film synthesized at the main body to a steel counter body during tribological ball-on-disk tests. Using spatially and spectrally high-resolved Raman spectroscopy, we study the compressive and tensile strain within the MoS2 transfer material and analyze the oxidation of molybdenum, sulfur, and iron. In addition, we elaborate on the impact of transition metals modifying the MoS2 films on the strain distribution and oxidation processes. Decreasing intensities of the MoS2 Raman lines are accompanied with enhanced intensities of sulphur and molybdenum oxide Raman signatures which are particularly agglomerated at the edges of the tribological track. The formation of tribochemical oxides, including Mo4O11 in the Magnéli-phase, depends weakly on the type of modifying element, and an oxidation of a modification element itself is not detected. We also identified a tribologically induced formation of disordered few-layer graphene at counter-body surface areas which experienced weak thermo-mechanical tribological load. Our results characterize structural and chemical features of the MoS2 transfer material, thus predicting material failure at the microscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wittrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Wittig
- Institute of Materials Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C A Thomann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Stangier
- Institute of Materials Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - N F Lopes Dias
- Institute of Materials Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - W Tillmann
- Institute of Materials Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Debus
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Hao Y, Sun TY, Ye JT, Huang LF, Wang LP. Accurate Simulation for 2D Lubricating Materials in Realistic Environments: From Classical to Quantum Mechanical Methods. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312429. [PMID: 38655823 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
2D materials such as graphene, MoS2, and hexagonal BN are the most advanced solid lubricating materials with superior friction and anti-wear performance. However, as a typical surface phenomenon, the lubricating properties of 2D materials are largely dependent on the surrounding environment, such as temperature, stress, humidity, oxygen, and other environmental substances. Given the technical challenges in experiment for real-time and in situ detection of microscopic environment-material interaction, recent years have witnessed the acceleration of computational research on the lubrication behavior of 2D materials in realistic environments. This study reviews the up-to-date computational studies for the effect of environmental factors on the lubrication performance of 2D materials, summarizes the theoretical methods in lubrication from classical to quantum-mechanics ones, and emphasizes the importance of quantum method in revealing the lubrication mechanism at atomic and electronic level. An effective simulation method based on ab initio molecular dynamics is also proposed to try to provide more ways to accurately reveal the friction mechanisms and reliably guide the lubricating material design. On the basis of current development, future prospects, and challenges for the simulation and modeling in lubrication with realistic environment are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Research Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Sciences, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Research Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Sciences, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Jin-Tao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Research Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Sciences, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Liang-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Research Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Sciences, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
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Thi QH, Man P, Liu H, Huang L, Chen X, Lee CS, Zhao J, Deng Q, Saeed S, Ly TH. Ultrahigh Lubricity between Two-Dimensional Ice and Two-Dimensional Atomic Layers. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1379-1385. [PMID: 36763496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature and high humidity conditions significantly degrade the performance of solid-state lubricants consisting of van der Waals (vdW) atomic layers, owing to the liquid water layer attached/intercalated to the vdW layers, which greatly enhances the interlayer friction. However, using low temperature in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and friction force microscopy (FFM), we unveil the unexpected ultralow friction between two-dimensional (2D) ice, a solid phase of water confined to the 2D space, and the 2D molybdenum disulfides (MoS2). The friction of MoS2 and 2D ice is reduced by more than 30% as compared to bare MoS2 and the rigid surface. The phase transition of liquid water into 2D ice under mechanical compression has also been observed. These new findings can be applied as novel frictionless water/ice transport technology in nanofluidic systems and promising high performance lubricants for operating in low temperature and high humidity environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Huy Thi
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ping Man
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Haijun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Chun-Sing Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qingming Deng
- Physics Department and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Saba Saeed
- Institute of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Thuc Hue Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Mahmoud NF, Omar NR, Mohamed GG, Sayed FN. Synthesis, structural characterization and in vitro antibacterial activity studies of ternary metal complexes of anti-inflammatory bromhexine drug. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Luo C, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Sun J, Qian L, Chen L. Role of Interfacial Bonding in Tribochemical Wear. Front Chem 2022; 10:852371. [PMID: 35464217 PMCID: PMC9019232 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.852371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tribochemical wear of contact materials is an important issue in science and engineering. Understanding the mechanisms of tribochemical wear at an atomic scale is favorable to avoid device failure, improve the durability of materials, and even achieve ultra-precision manufacturing. Hence, this article reviews some of the latest developments of tribochemical wear of typical materials at micro/nano-scale that are commonly used as solid lubricants, tribo-elements, or structural materials of the micro-electromechanical devices, focusing on their universal mechanisms based on the studies from experiments and numerical simulations. Particular focus is given to the fact that the friction-induced formation of interfacial bonding plays a critical role in the wear of frictional systems at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Luo
- Tribology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yilong Jiang
- Tribology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangqin Liu
- Tribology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Tribology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junhui Sun
- Tribology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junhui Sun, ; Lei Chen,
| | - Linmao Qian
- Tribology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Technology and Equipment of Rail Transit Operation and Maintenance Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Tribology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Technology and Equipment of Rail Transit Operation and Maintenance Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Junhui Sun, ; Lei Chen,
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Zaniboni JF, Silva AM, Alencar CDM, Porto TS, Jasinevicius RG, Fortulan CA, de Campos EA. Influence of different glaze firing protocols on the mechanical properties of CAD-CAM ceramic materials. J Prosthet Dent 2022; 127:925.e1-925.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mekawy M, Noguchi H, Kawakita J. Quantitative and qualitative studies for real monitoring of interfacial molecular water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 613:311-319. [PMID: 35042031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Interfacial water plays an essential role in natural phenomena and scientific applications despite causing many economic losses. Therefore, its real monitoring is no question mandatory; however, suitable techniques are quite rare and/or with limitations. EXPERIMENTS Moisture Sensor (MS) was used to detect the galvanic response current arising from the stacked interfacial water molecules between two dissimilar electrodes under controlled relative humidity (RH). Simultaneously, the frequency response was detected using QCM sensor as a quantitative tool. Bare and Hydrophilic (HP) sensor surfaces were used to examine the surface wettability. Moreover, sum frequency generation (SFG) was used to investigate the qualitative formation and the nature of stacked interfacial water molecules on bare and HP modified surfaces of quartz prism. FINDINGS Results revealed that, response current and frequency change were increased as the number of stacked water molecules increased. Correlating response current and frequency gave a clear quantitative estimation of stacked water molecules on the sensors' surfaces. Interfacial water molecules possessed strong H-bonding nature at the bare prism surface whereas, strong and weak H-bonding were existing at the HP/prism surface. Such findings provide feasible evaluation for the galvanic current source due to stacked interfacial water molecules at different levels of RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Mekawy
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba-city 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hidenori Noguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba-city 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jin Kawakita
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba-city 305-0044, Japan.
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Muntean R, Pascal DT, Kazamer N, Mărginean G, Șerban VA. Sliding Wear Behavior of High-Temperature Vacuum-Brazed WC-Co-NiP Functional Composite Coatings. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:88. [PMID: 35009231 PMCID: PMC8746236 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the tribological behavior of high-temperature vacuum-brazed WC-Co-NiP functional coatings deposited on 16MnCr5 case hardening steel. Dry sliding wear resistance was evaluated using a non-conformal ball-on-disk arrangement, at room temperature against 100Cr6 and WC-Co static partners, respectively. Morphological, microstructural, and chemical composition analyses showed a complex, phased structure composed of tungsten carbide, nickel, and hard cobalt-based η-structure. In the testing conditions, the coefficient of friction against 100Cr6 and WC-Co counterparts entered a steady-state value after approximately 1000 m and 400 m, respectively. The wear track analysis revealed phenomena of particles trapped between the sliding bodies, as well as gradual removal of asperities. The calculations of the wear rates proved that the values were strongly influenced by properties of the sliding system, such as crystal structure, stress discontinuities, hardness, and material homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Muntean
- Department of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University Politehnica of Timișoara, Piața Victoriei 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania; (R.M.); (V.-A.Ș.)
| | - Dragoș-Toader Pascal
- Westphalian Energy Institute, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen Bocholt Recklinghausen, Neidenburgerstr. 43, 45897 Gelsenkirchen, Germany;
| | - Norbert Kazamer
- Westphalian Energy Institute, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen Bocholt Recklinghausen, Neidenburgerstr. 43, 45897 Gelsenkirchen, Germany;
| | - Gabriela Mărginean
- Department of Materials Science and Testing, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen Bocholt Recklinghausen, Neidenburgerstr. 43, 45897 Gelsenkirchen, Germany
| | - Viorel-Aurel Șerban
- Department of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University Politehnica of Timișoara, Piața Victoriei 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania; (R.M.); (V.-A.Ș.)
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Effect of Steel Surface Roughness and Expanded Graphite Condition on Sliding Layer Formation. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112960. [PMID: 34070928 PMCID: PMC8198408 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of the initial roughness of a steel pin cooperating with a graphite ring—dry and wet—on the mechanism of sliding layer formation. A ring–pin friction pair was used for the study, where the rings were made of expanded graphite, while the pins were made of acid-resistant steel. In the first case, the steel pin interacted with a dry graphite ring, and in the second case, the graphite rings were moist. To determine the effect of initial surface roughness, the pins were divided into three roughness groups. To determine changes in surface geometry due to material transfer, the Ra and Rz parameters were measured. This project investigated how the initial roughness value of the steel surface pin cooperating with expanded graphite influences the formation of the sliding layer. Increasing the initial roughness of the steel surface interacting with the graphite contributes to faster layer formation and reduced roughness. The state of the expanded graphite—dry and wet—influences the formation of the sliding layer of graphite—a wet graphite component causes a faster smoothing of the steel surface. The running time of the wear apparatus has an effect on the resulting layer. The highest roughness group is the most favorable from the viewpoint of sliding layer formation.
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Guo Y, Zhou X, Lee K, Yoon HC, Xu Q, Wang D. Recent development in friction of 2D materials: from mechanisms to applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:312002. [PMID: 33882478 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abfa52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials with a layered structure are excellent candidates in the field of lubrication due to their unique physical and chemical properties, including weak interlayer interaction and large specific surface area. For the last few decades, graphene has received lots of attention due to its excellent properties. Besides graphene, various new 2D materials (including MoS2, WS2, WSe2, NbSe2, NbTe2, ReS2, TaS2and h-BN etc.) are found to exhibit a low coefficient of friction at the macro- and even micro-scales, which may lead to widespread application in the field of lubrication and anti-wear. This article focuses on the latest development trend in 2D materials in the field of tribology. The review begins with a summary of widely accepted nano-scale friction mechanisms contain surface friction mechanism and interlayer friction mechanism. The following sections report the applications of 2D materials in lubrication and anti-wear as lubricant additives, solid lubricants, and composite lubricating materials. Finally, the research prospects of 2D materials in tribology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Guo
- College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanli Zhou
- College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
| | - Kyungjun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Yoon
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States of America
| | - Quan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
| | - Deguo Wang
- College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
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Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Tribological Behavior of Magnetron-Sputtered MoS2 Solid Lubricant Coatings Deposited under Industrial Conditions. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11040455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Depositing MoS2 coatings for industrial applications involves rotating the samples during the PVD magnetron sputtering process. Here, we show that a 3-fold substrate rotation, along a large target–substrate distance given by the deposition unit, introduces porosity inside the coatings. The mechanical properties and wear behavior strongly correlate with the degree of porosity, which, in turn, depends on the temperature and the rotational speed of the substrate. Ball-on-disk tests and nanoindentation wear experiments show a consistent change in tribological behavior; first, a compaction of the porous structure dominates, followed by wear of the compacted material. Compaction was the main contributor to the volume loss during the running-in process. Compared to a dense coating produced without substrate rotation, the initially porous coatings showed lower hardness and a distinct running-in behavior. Tribological lifetime experiments showed good lubrication performance after compaction.
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Manu BR, Gupta A, Jayatissa AH. Tribological Properties of 2D Materials and Composites-A Review of Recent Advances. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1630. [PMID: 33810571 PMCID: PMC8036793 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to provide a theoretical and experimental understanding of the importance of novel 2D materials in solid-film lubrication, along with modulating strategies adopted so far to improve their performance for spacecraft and industrial applications. The mechanisms and the underlying physics of 2D materials are reviewed with experimental results. This paper covers some of the widely investigated solid lubricants such as MoS2, graphene, and boron compounds, namely h-BN and boric acid. Solid lubricants such as black phosphorus that have gained research prominence are also discussed regarding their application as additives in polymeric materials. The effects of process conditions, film deposition parameters, and dopants concentration on friction and wear rate are discussed with a qualitative and quantitative emphasis that are supported with adequate examples and application areas and summarized in the form of graphs and tables for easy readability. The use of advanced manufacturing methods such as powder metallurgy and sintering to produce solid lubricants of superior tribological performance and the subsequent economic gain from their development as a substitute for liquid lubricant are also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahalapitiya H. Jayatissa
- Mechanical Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (MIME) Department, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (B.R.M.); (A.G.)
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Cichomski M, Prowizor M, Kowalczyk DA, Sikora A, Batory D, Dudek M. Comparison of the Physicochemical Properties of Carboxylic and Phosphonic Acid Self-Assembled Monolayers Created on a Ti-6Al-4V Substrate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5137. [PMID: 33202592 PMCID: PMC7698310 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the tribological properties in nano- and millinewton load ranges of Ti‑6Al-4V surfaces that were modified using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of carboxylic and phosphonic acids. The effectiveness of the creation of SAMs with the use of the liquid phase deposition (LPD) technique was monitored by the contact angle measurement, the surface free energy (SFE) calculation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements. The obtained results indicated that more stable and well-ordered layers, which were characterized by the lowest values of the coefficient of friction, adhesion, and wear rate, were obtained using phosphonic acid as a surface modifier. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the Ti-6Al-4V alloy modified by phosphonic acid would be the most advantageous for practical applications, especially in micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Cichomski
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Pomorska 163, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Milena Prowizor
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Pomorska 163, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Dorota Anna Kowalczyk
- Department of Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Sikora
- Department of Nanometrology, Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Damian Batory
- Department of Vehicles and Fundamentals in Machine Design, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Dudek
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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14
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Gupta D, Chauhan V, Kumar R. A comprehensive review on synthesis and applications of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) material: Past and recent developments. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Ayyagari AV, Mutyala KC, Sumant AV. Towards developing robust solid lubricant operable in multifarious environments. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15390. [PMID: 32958840 PMCID: PMC7506011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional solid lubricants such as MoS2, graphite, or diamond-like carbon films demonstrate excellent tribological performance but only in specific environments due to their inherent materials properties. This limitation prohibits using these solid lubricants in environments that change dynamically. This study presents the results of a novel solid lubricant that was developed using a combination of solution-processed 2D-molybdenum disulfide and graphene-oxide (GO) that can be deposited on to stainless steel substrates using a simple spray-coating technique and show exceptional performance in multifarious environments namely, ambient (humid) atmosphere, dry nitrogen, and vacuum. The tribological performance of the coatings was evaluated using a ball-on-disc sliding test and demonstrated an excellent wear/friction performance in all environments and coating survived even after 44 km of linear sliding. Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy analysis of the tribolayers suggested in-operando friction-induced re-orientation of MoS2 layers that were protected by GO layers and, an absence of MoOx peaks indicate a strong resistance to intercalation with moisture and oxygen. The simplicity and robustness of the hybrid MoS2-GO solid lubricant in mitigating wear-friction behavior of steel-on-steel tribopair in a multifarious environment is a game-changing and is promising for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya V Ayyagari
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Kalyan C Mutyala
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Anirudha V Sumant
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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Cafolla C, Voïtchovsky K. Impact of water on the lubricating properties of hexadecane at the nanoscale. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:14504-14513. [PMID: 32613214 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03642k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluid lubricants are routinely used to reduce friction in a wide range of applications, from car engines to machinery and hard-disk drives. However, their efficiency can be significantly influenced by the ambient conditions they are exposed to, in particular humidity. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the well-documented impact of water on lubrication remains limited, hindering the improvement of tribological formulations. Here, we use Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and shear force spectroscopy to investigate the structural and dynamical behaviour of a model lubricant, hexadecane, confined between an AFM probe and a hydrophilic mica surface at different temperatures and humidities. We show that both the nanoscale structure and the tribological behaviour of the system are dominated by the nucleation of water nanodroplets at the interface. The process is favoured at higher temperature and can be explained with classical nucleation theory whereby the droplets become stable when larger than 20 nm to 50 nm size, depending on the ambient conditions. Below this threshold, a molecularly thin film of water molecules coats the surface uniformly. Highly localised shear measurements demonstrate a detrimental impact of the nanodroplets on shear with a twofold increase in the lubricated friction force. However, this can be mitigated by the adjunction of an amphiphilic additive, here oleic acid.
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Abstract
Solid lubricants, antiwear coatings, and self-lubricating composites are used in applications on spacecraft where oils and greases cannot be used because of the need to avoid lubricant volatility/migration, and where the application requires significant temperature variation, accelerated testing, higher electrical conductivity, or operation in boundary conditions. The purpose of this review is to provide spacecraft designers with tools that can aid in the effective use of solid-based tribological materials, both to increase their usage, and to reduce anomalies. The various tribological material formulations are described, including how their materials, physical, and chemical properties affect their performance. Included are typical solid lubricants like PTFE and bonded or sputter-deposited MoS2, as well as low shear metal coatings, hard coatings, and composite materials (including bulk composites and nanocomposite coatings). Guidance is given on how to develop mechanisms that meet performance requirements, but also how to optimize robustness, so that success is achieved even under unforeseen circumstances. Examples of successful applications are given, as well as how to avoid potential pitfalls, and what the future of solid tribological materials may hold.
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18
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tribAIn—Towards an Explicit Specification of Shared Tribological Understanding. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10134421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Within the domain of tribology, the science and technology for understanding and controlling friction, lubrication, and wear of relatively moving interacting surfaces, countless experiments are carried out and their results are published worldwide. Due to the variety of test procedures and a lack of consistency in the terminology as well as the practice of publishing results in the natural language, accessing and reusing tribological knowledge is time-consuming and experiments are hardly comparable. However, for the selection of potential tribological pairings according to given requirements and to enable comparative evaluations of the behavior of different tribological systems or testing conditions, a shared understanding is essential. Therefore, we present a novel ontology tribAIn (derived from the ancient Greek word “tribein” (= rubbing) and the acronym “AI” (= artificial intelligence)), designed to provide a formal and explicit specification of knowledge in the domain of tribology to enable semantic annotation and the search of experimental setups and results. For generalization, tribAIn is linked to the intermediate-level ontology EXPO (ontology of scientific experiments), supplemented with subject-specific concepts meeting the needs of the domain of tribology. The formalization of tribAIn is expressed in the W3C standard OWL DL. Demonstrating the ability of tribAIn covering tribological experience from experiments, it is applied to a use case with heterogeneous data sources containing natural language texts and tabular data.
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Piedade AP, Cangueiro L. Influence of Carbyne Content on the Mechanical Performance of Nanothick Amorphous Carbon Coatings. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040780. [PMID: 32325787 PMCID: PMC7222008 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study concerns the evaluation of the coefficient of friction, at different temperatures, of amorphous carbon thin films, deposited onto nanocrystalline sputtered copper coatings by clean-technology rf magnetron sputtering. The aim is to access the capacity of carbon thin films, with different contents of sp2 and sp1 bonds, to act as a solid lubricant for copper surfaces. Raman spectroscopy revealed that all the as-deposited coatings consist of amorphous carbon with low defect content and decreasing carbyne concentration with increasing thickness. The tribological tests at 25 °C and 200 °C revealed that, for the higher temperature, the 15 nm carbon coating present 0.001 friction coefficients at 2 N load. Overall, the study presents a one-step technology for the greener production of solid lubrication systems for micro- and nano-components, avoiding the environmental impact of lubricants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Piedade
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, CEMMPRE, University of Coimbra, Rua Luis Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-1239790700
| | - Liliana Cangueiro
- CeFEMA-Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
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20
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The Influence of Preparation Conditions on the Structural Properties and Hardness of Diamond-Like Carbon Films, Prepared by Plasma Source Ion Implantation. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were prepared from a hydrocarbon precursor gas by plasma source ion implantation (PSII), in which the plasma generation and the film deposition were coupled; i.e., the plasma was generated by the applied voltage and no additional plasma source was used. Several experimental parameters of the PSII process were varied, including the sample bias (high voltage, DC or pulsed), gas pressure, sample holder type and addition of argon in the plasma gas. The influence of the deposition conditions on the carbon bonding and the hydrogen content of the films was then determined using Raman spectroscopy. Nanoindentation was used to determine the hardness of the samples, and a ball-on-disk test to investigate the friction coefficient. Results suggest that films with a lower sp2 content have both a higher hydrogen content and a higher hardness. This counterintuitive finding demonstrated that the carbon bonding is more important to hardness than the reported hydrogen concentration. The highest hardness obtained was 22.4 GPa. With the exception of a few films prepared using a pulsed voltage, all conditions gave DLC films having similarly low friction coefficients, down to 0.049.
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Urashima SH, Uchida T, Yui H. A hydrogen-bonding structure in self-formed nanodroplets of water adsorbed on amorphous silica revealed via surface-selective vibrational spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:27031-27036. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03207g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Water adsorption onto a material surface is known to change macroscopic surface properties such as wettability and friction coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-hei Urashima
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku
- Japan
| | - Taku Uchida
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku
- Japan
| | - Hiroharu Yui
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku
- Japan
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Investigation of the Tribofilm Formation of HiPIMS Sputtered MoSx Thin Films in Different Environments by Raman Scattering. LUBRICANTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/lubricants7110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the generation of third body particles and their contribution to the formation of tribofilms of MoSx thin films is still challenging due to a large number of influencing factors. Besides the structure of the as-deposited MoSx films, the environment and the conditions during the Ball-on-disk tests affect tribofilms and thus the friction. Therefore, the influence of the surface pressure and sliding velocity in air, argon and nitrogen environments on the generation of the third body particles and the tribofilm formation of randomly oriented MoSx films is investigated. A high surface pressure is one major factor to achieve low friction, especially under humid conditions, which is important considering the use in industrial applications, for example dry-running screw machines. However, the mechanisms leading to that frictional behavior are still affected by the surrounding environment. While low friction is caused by a more extensive tribofilm formation in air, in argon and nitrogen, large size third body particles dispensed all over the contact area contribute to a lower friction. Raman scattering reveal a different chemistry of these particles reflected in the absence of laser- or temperature-induced surface oxidation compared to the as-deposited film and the wear track. The Raman scattering results are discussed with respect to the wear particle size, its chemical reactivity and strain-induced bonding changes.
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Khajeh A, Chen Z, Kim SH, Martini A. Effect of Ambient Chemistry on Friction at the Basal Plane of Graphite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40800-40807. [PMID: 31578847 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphite is widely used as a solid lubricant due to its layered structure, which enables ultralow friction. However, the lubricity of graphite is affected by ambient conditions and previous studies have shown a sharp contrast between frictional behavior in vacuum or dry environments compared to humid air. Here, we studied the effect of organic gaseous species in the environment, specifically comparing the adsorption of phenol and pentanol vapor. Atomic force microscopy experiments and reactive molecular dynamics simulations showed that friction was larger with phenol than with pentanol. The simulation results were analyzed to test multiple hypotheses to explain the friction difference, and it was found that mechanically driven chemical bonding between the tip and phenol molecules plays a critical role. Bonding increases the number of phenol molecules in the contact, which increases the adhesion as well as the number of atoms in registry with the topmost graphene layer acting as a pinning site to resist sliding. The findings of this research provide insight into how the chemistry of the operating environment can affect the frictional behavior of graphite and layered materials more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Khajeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Merced , 5200 N. Lake Road , Merced , California 95343 , United States
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Merced , 5200 N. Lake Road , Merced , California 95343 , United States
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Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is one of the most broadly utilized solid lubricants with a wide range of applications, including but not limited to those in the aerospace/space industry. Here we present a focused review of solid lubrication with MoS2 by highlighting its structure, synthesis, applications and the fundamental mechanisms underlying its lubricative properties, together with a discussion of their environmental and temperature dependence. The review also includes an extensive overview of the structure and tribological properties of doped MoS2, followed by a discussion of potential future research directions.
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