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Zieliński R, Lipa S, Piechaczek M, Sowiński J, Kołkowska A, Simka W. Finite Element Analysis and Fatigue Test of INTEGRA Dental Implant System. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1213. [PMID: 38473684 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The study involved numerical FEA (finite element analysis) of dental implants. Based on this, fatigue tests were conducted according to the PN-EN 14801 standard required for the certification of dental products. Thanks to the research methodology developed by the authors, it was possible to conduct a thorough analysis of the impact of external and internal factors such as material, geometry, loading, and assembly of the dental system on the achieved value of fatigue strength limit in the examined object. For this purpose, FEM studies were based on identifying potential sites of fatigue crack initiation in reference to the results of the test conducted on a real model. The actions described in the study helped in the final evaluation of the dental system design process named by the manufacturer as INTEGRA OPTIMA 3.35. The objective of the research was to identify potential sites for fatigue crack initiation in a selected dental system built on the INTEGRA OPTIMA 3.35 set. The material used in the research was titanium grade 4. A map of reduced von Mises stresses was used to search for potential fatigue crack areas. The research [loading] was conducted on two mutually perpendicular planes positioned in such a way that the edge intersecting the planes coincided with the axis of the system. The research indicated that the connecting screw showed the least sensitivity (stress change) to the change in the loading plane, while the value of preload has a significant impact on the achieved fatigue strength of the system. In contrast, the endosteal implant (root) and the prosthetic connector showed the greatest sensitivity to the change in the loading plane. The method of mounting [securing] the endosteal implant using a holder, despite meeting the standards, may contribute to generating excessive stress concentration in the threaded part. Observation of the prosthetic connector in the Optima 3.35 system, cyclically loaded with a force of F ≈ 300 N in the area of the upper hexagonal peg, revealed a fatigue fracture. The observed change in stress peak in the dental connector for two different force application surfaces shows that the positioning of the dental system (setting of the socket in relation to the force action plane) is significantly decisive in estimating the limited fatigue strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Zieliński
- Stomatologia na Ksiezym Mlynie, 16 D Tymienieckiego, 90-365 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sebastian Lipa
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Martyna Piechaczek
- Stomatologia na Ksiezym Mlynie, 16 D Tymienieckiego, 90-365 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sowiński
- Private Dental Clinic, Tetmajera 3A Rd., 05-080 Izabelin C, Poland
| | - Agata Kołkowska
- Chemistry Students Research Society, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Simka
- Chemistry Students Research Society, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Kim MJ, Cho WT, Hwang SH, Bae JH, Bae EB, Shim JS, Kim JE, Jeong CM, Huh JB. A prospective multicenter clinical study on the efficiency of detachable ball- and spring-retained implant prosthesis. J Adv Prosthodont 2023; 15:202-213. [PMID: 37662852 PMCID: PMC10471505 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2023.15.4.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This prospective clinical study was conducted to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the freely detachable zirconia ball- and spring-retained implant prosthesis (BSRP) through a comparative analysis of screw- and cement-retained implant prosthesis (SCRP). MATERIALS AND METHODS A multi-center, randomized, prospective clinical study evaluating the clinical usefulness of the detachable zirconia ball- and spring-retained implant prostheses was conducted. Sixty-four implant prostheses in 64 patients were examined. Periodic observational studies were conducted at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months after delivery of the implant prosthesis. Factors such as implant success rate, marginal bone resorption, periodontal pocket depth, plaque and bleeding index, and prosthetic complications were evaluated, respectively. RESULTS During the 1-year observation period, all implants survived without functional problems and clinical mobility, showing a 100% implant success rate. Marginal bone resorption was significantly higher in the SCRP group than in the BSRP group only at the time of implant prosthesis delivery (P = .043). In all observation periods, periodontal pocket depth was slightly higher in the BSRP group than in the SCRP group, but there was no significant difference (P > .05). The modified plaque index (mPI) scores of both groups were moderate. Higher ratio of a score 2 in modified sulcus bleeding index (mBI) was observed in the BSRP group in the 6- and 12-months observation. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, the newly developed zirconia ball- and spring-retained implant prosthesis could be considered as an applicable and predictable treatment method along with the existing screw- and cement-retained prosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Tak Cho
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Bae
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Bin Bae
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research & Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - June-Sung Shim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Mo Jeong
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Bo Huh
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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Chae SK, Cho WT, Choi JW, Bae EB, Bae JH, Bae GH, Huh JB. Comparison of retentive force and wear pattern of Locator® and ADD-TOC attachments combined with CAD-CAM milled bar. J Adv Prosthodont 2022; 14:12-21. [PMID: 35284053 PMCID: PMC8891684 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2022.14.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in retention and wear pattern of Locator® and ADD-TOC attachments on a digital milled bar by performing chewing simulation and repeated insertion/removal of prostheses in fully edentulous models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Locator (Locator®; Zest Anchors Inc., Escondido, CA, USA) was selected as the control group and ADD-TOC (ADD-TOC; PNUAdd Co., Ltd., Busan, Republic of Korea) as the experimental group. A CAD-CAM milled bar was mounted on a master model and 3 threaded holes for connecting a bar attachment was formed using a tap. Locator and ADD-TOC attachments were then attached to the milled bar. Simulated mastication and repeated insertion/removal were performed over 400,000 cyclic loadings and 1,080 insertions/removals, respectively. Wear patterns on deformed attachment were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS For the ADD-TOC attachments, chewing simulation and repeated insertion/removal resulted in a mean initial retentive force of 24.43 ± 4.89 N, which were significantly lower than that of the Locator attachment, 34.33 ± 8.25 N (P < .05). Amounts of retention loss relative to baseline for the Locator and ADD-TOC attachments were 21.74 ± 7.07 and 8.98 ± 5.76 N (P < .05). CONCLUSION CAD-CAM milled bar with the ADD-TOC attachment had a lower initial retentive force than the Locator attachment. However, the ADD-TOC attachment might be suitable for long-term use as it showed less deformation and had a higher retentive force after simulated mastication and insertion/removal repetitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ki Chae
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research and Development Institute, Samwon D.M.P, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Tak Cho
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research and Development Institute, PNUAdd Co., Ltd., Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Choi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Bin Bae
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Bae
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research and Development Institute, PNUAdd Co., Ltd., Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang-Ho Bae
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research and Development Institute, PNUAdd Co., Ltd., Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Bo Huh
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research and Development Institute, PNUAdd Co., Ltd., Busan, Republic of Korea
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García-González M, González-González I, García-García I, Blasón-González S, Lamela-Rey MJ, Fernández-Canteli A, Álvarez-Arenal Á. Effect of abutment finish lines on the mechanical behavior and marginal fit of screw-retained implant crowns: An in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 127:318.e1-318.e10. [PMID: 34657727 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The design of the implant-abutment connection has been widely researched, but the impact of different crown-abutment geometries remains unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of different crown-abutment margin geometries on the mechanical behavior and fit of screw-retained implant-supported single-crown restorations by using mechanical static and fatigue tests and mastication simulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 45 cobalt-chromium premolar-shaped metal frameworks were fabricated for single-unit implant-supported screw-retained restorations on stock abutments and internal hexagon Ø4.25×11-mm cylindrical implants. They were divided into 3 groups according to margin geometry: S, shoulder; C, chamfer; and F, feather-edge. Three static load until fracture and 24 dynamic load tests were performed by using the International Organization for Standardization 14801:2016 standard (ISO 14801:2016) (number of cycles limit: 5×106 cycles, frequency: 6 Hz). The ProFatigue software program was used to optimize the procedure (S, n=12 specimens; C, n=7 specimens; and F, n=5 specimens). Six additional specimens from each group were subjected to a mastication simulation (limit number of cycles: 1×106 cycles, cyclic loading from Pmin=30 N to Pmax=300 N, frequency: 6 Hz). Results from the fatigue tests were reported descriptively, and the Fisher exact test was used to analyze the difference in failure modes. Data from maximum misfit were evaluated by photogrammetry and statistically analyzed with the Anderson-Darling test and the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn multiple comparison tests (α=.05). RESULTS The fatigue limit was 456 N for group S, 512 N for group C, and 514 N for group F. The mean ±standard deviation misfit was 2.6 ±0.1 μm for group S, 3.8 ±1.1 μm for group C, and 3.6 ±0.8 μm for group F. Differences in misfit between groups S and C and between groups S and F were statistically significant (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS Crown-abutment connections with chamfer and feather-edge margins showed better mechanical behavior, while shoulder margin exhibited better fit. However, high levels of fit were achieved for all the evaluated geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio González-González
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Occlusion, School of Dentistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ismael García-García
- Doctoral student, Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques, Gijón, Spain
| | - Sergio Blasón-González
- Post-Doctoral Researcher, Department of Component Safety, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - María Jesús Lamela-Rey
- Professor, Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques, Gijón, Spain
| | - Alfonso Fernández-Canteli
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques, Gijón, Spain
| | - Ángel Álvarez-Arenal
- Professor and Head, Department of Prosthodontics and Occlusion, School of Dentistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Influence of an Implant Fixture including a Freely Removable Micro-Locking Implant Prosthesis on Peri-Implant Tissues and Implant Prostheses: A Prospective Clinical Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153321. [PMID: 34362106 PMCID: PMC8348657 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical usefulness of a newly developed one-piece, screw-free, and micro-locking implant system, which was designed to overcome the shortcomings of the existing implant systems. Thirty-eight patients were recruited and randomly and equally assigned to an experimental group (micro-locking one-piece fixture, MLF; n = 19) or a control group (micro-locking abutment, MLA). Cumulative implant survival rates, marginal bone resorptions, probing depths, plaque indices, bleeding indices, and complications were obtained by using clinical and radiographic findings at 6 months and 12 months after prosthesis placement. Complications that occurred multiple times for single implants were counted. During the 12 month observation period, survival rates were 100% in both groups. No significant intergroup differences were observed for marginal bone resorption, probe depth, or bleeding index. However, mean plaque index was significantly lower in the MLF group at 12 months (p < 0.05). During the 12-month observation period, food impaction (26.3%) was the main complication in the MLF group and screw loosening (5.3%), prosthesis detachment (5.3%), and food impaction (5.3%) were observed in the MLA group. The results of this study suggest that the one-piece micro-locking implant system offers a predictable treatment method.
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Song SR, Park KM, Jung BY. Fracture strength analysis of titanium insert-reinforced zirconia abutments according to the axial height of the titanium insert with an internal connection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249208. [PMID: 33793622 PMCID: PMC8016344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze fracture strength in vitro by varying the axial height of the titanium insert and the labial height of the zirconia abutment in an internal connection implant to identify the titanium insert axial height with optimal mechanical stability. Sixty implants with an internal connection system were used. Two-piece zirconia abutments were used with the titanium inserts. Combinations of different titanium insert axial heights (mm) and zirconia abutment labial heights (mm) constituted five groups: Gr1 (1–3), Gr2 (3–3), Gr3 (3–5), Gr4 (5–3), and Gr5 (5–5). After thermocycling, a fracture load test was performed with a universal testing machine. The initial deformation load and the fracture load were measured and analyzed. The fractured surface and cross-section of the specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The groups of titanium inserts with axial heights of 3 mm and 5 mm showed significantly greater initial deformation load and fracture load than the group with an axial height of 1 mm (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups with axial heights of 3 mm and 5 mm. The labial height of the zirconia abutment had no significant influence on the initial deformation load and fracture load. In some specimens in Gr4 and Gr5, cracking or bending of the titanium insert and abutment screw was observed on SEM. The axial height of the titanium insert should be designed to not be less than 3 mm to increase the fracture strength and promote the long-term stability of implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-rye Song
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Dankook University College of Dentistry, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Mee Park
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Human Identification Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bock-Young Jung
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Retrospective Clinical Study of a Freely Removable Implant-Supported Fixed Dental Prosthesis by a Microlocking System. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7929585. [PMID: 33204715 PMCID: PMC7655254 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7929585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective clinical study was conducted to evaluate the clinical usefulness of a freely removable microlocking implant prosthesis (MLP) that was developed to overcome the problems with conventional implant prostheses. A total of 54 patients (male: 31, female: 23) and 100 implant prostheses were included. Patients were divided into three groups such as 6-12 months, 12-18 months, and 18-24 months according to the used period after implant prosthesis delivery, and the patients in each group were recalled for examinations of survival rate, marginal bone resorption, peri-implant soft tissue indices, and complications. The prosthetic complications were analysed by combining the recorded chart data during the periodic checks including the last call for this study. During a 2-year observation period, all the implants showed a 100% survival rate without clinical mobility and functional problems. There was no significant difference in marginal bone resorption, plaque index, and bleeding index over the observation period after implant prosthesis delivery. Probing depth of the 18-24 months group (1.5 ± 0.19 mm) was significantly lower than that of the 6-12 months group (p < 0.05). The main complication was abutment loosening (4%), followed by implant prosthesis fracture (2%) and food impaction (2%) which were recorded. Within the limits of the present study, the implant prostheses with MLP are considered to be an applicable and predictable treatment method.
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Optimized Planning and Evaluation of Dental Implant Fatigue Testing: A Specific Software Application. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110372. [PMID: 33142807 PMCID: PMC7693306 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical complications in implant-supported fixed dental prostheses are often related to implant and prosthetic design. Although the current ISO 14801 provides a framework for the evaluation of dental implant mechanical reliability, strict adherence to it may be difficult to achieve due to the large number of test specimens which it requires as well as the fact that it does not offer any probabilistic reference for determining the endurance limit. In order to address these issues, a new software program called ProFatigue is presented as a potentially powerful tool to optimize fatigue testing of implant-supported prostheses. The present work provides a brief description of some concepts such as load, fatigue and stress-number of cycles to failure curves (S-N curves), before subsequently describing the current regulatory situation. After analyzing the two most recent versions of the ISO recommendation (from 2008 and 2016), some limitations inherent to the experimental methods which they propose are highlighted. Finally, the main advantages and instructions for the correct implementation of the ProFatigue free software are given. This software will contribute to improving the performance of fatigue testing in a more accurate and optimized way, helping researchers to gain a better understanding of the behavior of dental implants in this type of mechanical test.
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Choi JW, Lee JJ, Bae EB, Huh JB. Implant-supported fixed dental prosthesis with a microlocking implant prosthetic system: A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2019; 123:15-19. [PMID: 31076165 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A microlocking implant prosthetic system has recently been developed to address the limitations of conventional screw- and cement-retained implant-supported fixed dental prostheses. This prosthesis system consists of a precision-machined abutment and an attachment that includes zirconia balls and a nickel-titanium spring, thus providing retrievability and constant retention of the prosthesis. In addition, screw-related complications are avoided because there is no retention screw. The occlusal access hole is of a smaller diameter than that of conventional screw-retained prostheses, which is beneficial for esthetics and occlusion. It also prevents common complications of cement-retained prostheses because residual cement around the prosthesis can be removed extraorally. This article presents a clinical treatment with this new prosthetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Choi
- Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Lee
- Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Bin Bae
- Doctoral student, Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Bo Huh
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
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