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Mukunda SG, Boppana SB, Palani IA, Dayanand S, Aravinda T. Characterisation of AZ31 metal matrix composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17786. [PMID: 37853156 PMCID: PMC10584878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of this study revolves around the synthesis of AZ31 metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using the powder metallurgy technique. Various compositions of CNTs were incorporated into the AZ31 alloy matrix. The sintered specimens were analysed using microstructural characterization and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were conducted to investigate the impact of sintering on the processed composites. Corrosion studies were performed in a sodium chloride (NaCl) medium, and Tafel curves were plotted to assess corrosion behaviour. It was observed that composites enriched with 0.5 wt.% CNTs demonstrated the highest level of corrosion resistance among the synthesized AZ31 metal specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Ganesh Mukunda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Presidency University, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Satish Babu Boppana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Presidency University, Bengaluru, 560064, India.
| | - I A Palani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Indore, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Samuel Dayanand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Gangavathi, 583227, India
| | - T Aravinda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Presidency University, Bengaluru, 560064, India
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Wierzbicka E, Vaghefinazari B, Mohedano M, Visser P, Posner R, Blawert C, Zheludkevich M, Lamaka S, Matykina E, Arrabal R. Chromate-Free Corrosion Protection Strategies for Magnesium Alloys-A Review: Part II-PEO and Anodizing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15238515. [PMID: 36500010 PMCID: PMC9737229 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although hexavalent chromium-based protection systems are effective and their long-term performance is well understood, they can no longer be used due to their proven Cr(VI) toxicity and carcinogenic effect. The search for alternative protection technologies for Mg alloys has been going on for at least a couple of decades. However, surface treatment systems with equivalent efficacies to that of Cr(VI)-based ones have only begun to emerge much more recently. It is still proving challenging to find sufficiently protective replacements for Cr(VI) that do not give rise to safety concerns related to corrosion, especially in terms of fulfilling the requirements of the transportation industry. Additionally, in overcoming these obstacles, the advantages of newly introduced technologies have to include not only health safety but also need to be balanced against their added cost, as well as being environmentally friendly and simple to implement and maintain. Anodizing, especially when carried out above the breakdown potential (technology known as Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO)) is an electrochemical oxidation process which has been recognized as one of the most effective methods to significantly improve the corrosion resistance of Mg and its alloys by forming a protective ceramic-like layer on their surface that isolates the base material from aggressive environmental agents. Part II of this review summarizes developments in and future outlooks for Mg anodizing, including traditional chromium-based processes and newly developed chromium-free alternatives, such as PEO technology and the use of organic electrolytes. This work provides an overview of processing parameters such as electrolyte composition and additives, voltage/current regimes, and post-treatment sealing strategies that influence the corrosion performance of the coatings. This large variability of the fabrication conditions makes it possible to obtain Cr-free products that meet the industrial requirements for performance, as expected from traditional Cr-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wierzbicka
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Functional Materials and Hydrogen Technology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego Street 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bahram Vaghefinazari
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Marta Mohedano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ralf Posner
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, 40191 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Blawert
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Mikhail Zheludkevich
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Sviatlana Lamaka
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Endzhe Matykina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Arrabal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Sikdar S, Menezes PV, Maccione R, Jacob T, Menezes PL. Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) Process-Processing, Properties, and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1375. [PMID: 34067483 PMCID: PMC8224744 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a novel surface treatment process to produce thick, dense metal oxide coatings, especially on light metals, primarily to improve their wear and corrosion resistance. The coating manufactured from the PEO process is relatively superior to normal anodic oxidation. It is widely employed in the fields of mechanical, petrochemical, and biomedical industries, to name a few. Several investigations have been carried out to study the coating performance developed through the PEO process in the past. This review attempts to summarize and explain some of the fundamental aspects of the PEO process, mechanism of coating formation, the processing conditions that impact the process, the main characteristics of the process, the microstructures evolved in the coating, the mechanical and tribological properties of the coating, and the influence of environmental conditions on the coating process. Recently, the PEO process has also been employed to produce nanocomposite coatings by incorporating nanoparticles in the electrolyte. This review also narrates some of the recent developments in the field of nanocomposite coatings with examples and their applications. Additionally, some of the applications of the PEO coatings have been demonstrated. Moreover, the significance of the PEO process, its current trends, and its scope of future work are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Sikdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (S.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Pramod V. Menezes
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Raven Maccione
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (S.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Pradeep L. Menezes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (S.S.); (R.M.)
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Wei K, Liu Y, Zhao Y. Influence of CNTs on Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Biomedical CoCrMo Coatings by Laser Cladding. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427220060105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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