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Razi SS, Pervaiz S, Susantyoko RA, Alyammahi M. Optimization of Environment-Friendly and Sustainable Polylactic Acid (PLA)-Constructed Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS)-Based Gyroid Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1175. [PMID: 38675094 PMCID: PMC11053662 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The demand for robust yet lightweight materials has exponentially increased in several engineering applications. Additive manufacturing and 3D printing technology have the ability to meet this demand at a fraction of the cost compared with traditional manufacturing techniques. By using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) or fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique, objects can be 3D-printed with complex designs and patterns using cost-effective, biodegradable, and sustainable thermoplastic polymer filaments such as polylactic acid (PLA). This study aims to provide results to guide users in selecting the optimal printing and testing parameters for additively manufactured/3D-printed components. This study was designed using the Taguchi method and grey relational analysis. Compressive test results on nine similarly patterned samples suggest that cuboid gyroid-structured samples perform the best under compression and retain more mechanical strength than the other tested triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures. A printing speed of 40 mm/s, relative density of 60%, and cell size of 3.17 mm were the best choice of input parameters within the tested ranges to provide the optimal performance of a sample that experiences greater force or energy to compress until failure. The ninth experiment on the above-mentioned conditions improved the yield strength by 16.9%, the compression modulus by 34.8%, and energy absorption by 29.5% when compared with the second-best performance, which was obtained in the third experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Saarim Razi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Dubai Campus, Dubai P.O. Box 341055, United Arab Emirates; (S.S.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Salman Pervaiz
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Dubai Campus, Dubai P.O. Box 341055, United Arab Emirates; (S.S.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Rahmat Agung Susantyoko
- DEWA R&D Center, Dubai Electricity and Water Authority, Dubai P.O. Box 564, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mozah Alyammahi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Dubai Campus, Dubai P.O. Box 341055, United Arab Emirates; (S.S.R.); (M.A.)
- DEWA R&D Center, Dubai Electricity and Water Authority, Dubai P.O. Box 564, United Arab Emirates;
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Galea Mifsud R, Muscat GA, Grima-Cornish JN, Dudek KK, Cardona MA, Attard D, Farrugia PS, Gatt R, Evans KE, Grima JN. Auxetics and FEA: Modern Materials Driven by Modern Simulation Methods. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1506. [PMID: 38612021 PMCID: PMC11012591 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Auxetics are materials, metamaterials or structures which expand laterally in at least one cross-sectional plane when uniaxially stretched, that is, have a negative Poisson's ratio. Over these last decades, these systems have been studied through various methods, including simulations through finite elements analysis (FEA). This simulation tool is playing an increasingly significant role in the study of materials and structures as a result of the availability of more advanced and user-friendly commercially available software and higher computational power at more reachable costs. This review shows how, in the last three decades, FEA proved to be an essential key tool for studying auxetics, their properties, potential uses and applications. It focuses on the use of FEA in recent years for the design and optimisation of auxetic systems, for the simulation of how they behave when subjected to uniaxial stretching or compression, typically with a focus on identifying the deformation mechanism which leads to auxetic behaviour, and/or, for the simulation of their characteristics and behaviour under different circumstances such as impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Galea Mifsud
- Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta; (R.G.M.); (G.A.M.); (J.N.G.-C.); (M.A.C.); (D.A.); (P.-S.F.); (R.G.)
| | - Grace Anne Muscat
- Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta; (R.G.M.); (G.A.M.); (J.N.G.-C.); (M.A.C.); (D.A.); (P.-S.F.); (R.G.)
| | - James N. Grima-Cornish
- Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta; (R.G.M.); (G.A.M.); (J.N.G.-C.); (M.A.C.); (D.A.); (P.-S.F.); (R.G.)
| | - Krzysztof K. Dudek
- Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Gora, ul. Szafrana 4a, 65-069 Zielona Gora, Poland;
| | - Maria A. Cardona
- Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta; (R.G.M.); (G.A.M.); (J.N.G.-C.); (M.A.C.); (D.A.); (P.-S.F.); (R.G.)
| | - Daphne Attard
- Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta; (R.G.M.); (G.A.M.); (J.N.G.-C.); (M.A.C.); (D.A.); (P.-S.F.); (R.G.)
| | - Pierre-Sandre Farrugia
- Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta; (R.G.M.); (G.A.M.); (J.N.G.-C.); (M.A.C.); (D.A.); (P.-S.F.); (R.G.)
| | - Ruben Gatt
- Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta; (R.G.M.); (G.A.M.); (J.N.G.-C.); (M.A.C.); (D.A.); (P.-S.F.); (R.G.)
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Kenneth E. Evans
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK;
| | - Joseph N. Grima
- Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta; (R.G.M.); (G.A.M.); (J.N.G.-C.); (M.A.C.); (D.A.); (P.-S.F.); (R.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
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Abstract
Cellular structures consist of foams, honeycombs, and lattices. Lattices have many outstanding properties over foams and honeycombs, such as lightweight, high strength, absorbing energy, and reducing vibration, which has been extensively studied and concerned. Because of excellent properties, lattice structures have been widely used in aviation, bio-engineering, automation, and other industrial fields. In particular, the application of additive manufacturing (AM) technology used for fabricating lattice structures has pushed the development of designing lattice structures to a new stage and made a breakthrough progress. By searching a large number of research literature, the primary work of this paper reviews the lattice structures. First, based on the introductions about lattices of literature, the definition and classification of lattice structures are concluded. Lattice structures are divided into two general categories in this paper: uniform and non-uniform. Second, the performance and application of lattice structures are introduced in detail. In addition, the fabricating methods of lattice structures, i.e., traditional processing and additive manufacturing, are evaluated. Third, for uniform lattice structures, the main concern during design is to develop highly functional unit cells, which in this paper is summarized as three different methods, i.e., geometric unit cell based, mathematical algorithm generated, and topology optimization. Forth, non-uniform lattice structures are reviewed from two aspects of gradient and topology optimization. These methods include Voronoi-tessellation, size gradient method (SGM), size matching and scaling (SMS), and homogenization, optimization, and construction (HOC). Finally, the future development of lattice structures is prospected from different aspects.
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