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Zhang D, Hsu Y, Dunand DC. Ink-Extrusion 3D Printing and Silicide Coating of HfNbTaTiZr Refractory High-Entropy Alloy for Extreme Temperature Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309693. [PMID: 38419372 PMCID: PMC11077685 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
An oxygen-resistant refractory high-entropy alloy is synthesized in microlattice or bulk form by 3D ink-extrusion printing, interdiffusion, and silicide coating. Additive manufacturing of equiatomic HfNbTaTiZr is implemented by extruding inks containing hydride powders, de-binding under H2, and sintering under vacuum. The sequential decomposition of hydride powders (HfH2+NbH+TaH0.5+TiH2+ZrH2) is followed by in situ X-ray diffraction. Upon sintering at 1400 °C for 18 h, a nearly fully densified, equiatomic HfNbTaTiZr alloy is synthesized; on slow cooling, both α-HCP and β-BCC phases are formed, but on quenching, a metastable single β-BCC phase is obtained. Printed and sintered HfNbTaTiZr alloys with ≈1 wt.% O shows excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures. Oxidation resistance is achieved by silicide coating via pack cementation. A small-size lattice-core sandwich is fabricated and tested with high-temperature flames to demonstrate the versatility of this sequential approach (printing, sintering, and siliconizing) for high-temperature, high-stress applications of refractory high-entropy alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingchang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMcCormick School of EngineeringNorthwestern University2220 Campus DriveEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Ya‐Chu Hsu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMcCormick School of EngineeringNorthwestern University2220 Campus DriveEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - David C. Dunand
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMcCormick School of EngineeringNorthwestern University2220 Campus DriveEvanstonIL60208USA
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Tang G, Shao X, Pang J, Ji Y, Wang A, Li J, Zhang H, Zhang H. The Microstructures, Mechanical Properties, and Deformation Mechanism of B2-Hardened NbTiAlZr-Based Refractory High-Entropy Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7592. [PMID: 38138735 PMCID: PMC10744483 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The NbTiAlZrHfTaMoW refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) system with the structure of the B2 matrix (antiphase domains) and antiphase domain boundaries was firstly developed. We conducted the mechanical properties of the RHEAs at 298 K, 1023 K, 1123 K, and 1223 K, as well as typical deformation characteristics. The RHEAs with low density (7.41~7.51 g/cm3) have excellent compressive-specific yield strength (σYS/ρ) at 1023 K (~131 MPa·cm3/g) and 1123 K (~104.2 MPa·cm3/g), respectively, which are far superior to most typical RHEAs. And, they still keep appropriate plastic deformability at room temperature (ε > 0.35). The superior specific yield strengths are mainly attributed to the solid solution strengthening induced by the Zr element. The formation of the dislocation slip bands with [111](101_) and [111](112_) directions and their interaction provide considerable plastic deformation capability. Meanwhile, dynamic recrystallization and dislocation annihilation accelerate the continuous softening after yielding at 1123 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangquan Tang
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China (J.L.)
| | - Xu Shao
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China (J.L.)
| | - Jingyu Pang
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China (J.L.)
| | - Yu Ji
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China (J.L.)
| | - Aimin Wang
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China (J.L.)
| | - Jinguo Li
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China (J.L.)
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China (J.L.)
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Chen S, Qi C, Liu J, Zhang J, Wu Y. Recent Advances in W-Containing Refractory High-Entropy Alloys-An Overview. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1553. [PMID: 36359643 PMCID: PMC9689321 DOI: 10.3390/e24111553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEA) have attracted great attention of scientists, engineers and scholars due to their excellent mechanical and functional properties. The W-containing RHEAs are favored by researchers because of their great application potential in aerospace, marine and nuclear equipment and other high-temperature, corrosive and irradiated fields. In this review, more than 150 W-containing RHEAs are summarized and compared. The preparation techniques, microstructure and mechanical properties of the W-containing RHEAs are systematically outlined. In addition, the functional properties of W-containing RHEAs, such as oxidation, corrosion, irradiation and wear resistance have been elaborated and analyzed. Finally, the key issues faced by the development of W-containing RHEAs in terms of design and fabrication techniques, strengthening and deformation mechanisms, and potential functional applications are proposed and discussed. Future directions for the investigation and application of W-containing RHEAs are also suggested. The present work provides useful guidance for the development, processing and application of W-containing RHEAs and the RHEA components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhua Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chen Qi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jiaqin Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jingsai Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yucheng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Nonferrous Metals and Processing Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Ren X, Li Y, Qi Y, Wang B. Review on Preparation Technology and Properties of Refractory High Entropy Alloys. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082931. [PMID: 35454623 PMCID: PMC9030642 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Refractory high entropy alloys have broad application prospects due to their excellent comprehensive properties in high temperature environments, and they have been widely implemented in many complex working conditions. According to the latest research reports, the preparation technology of bulk and coating refractory high entropy alloys are summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of each preparation technology are analyzed. In addition, the properties of refractory high entropy alloys, such as mechanical properties, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, and radiation resistance are reviewed. The existing scientific problems of refractory high entropy alloys, at present, are put forward, which provide reference for the development and application of refractory high entropy alloys in the future, especially for plasma-facing materials in nuclear fusion reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqiang Ren
- College of Metallurgy and Energy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (X.R.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yungang Li
- College of Metallurgy and Energy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (X.R.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanfei Qi
- College of Metallurgy and Energy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (X.R.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bo Wang
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China;
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Fabrication, Microstructure, Mechanical, and Electrochemical Properties of NiMnFeCu High Entropy Alloy from Elemental Powders. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal based high entropy alloys (HEAs) are often used in electrocatalytic (water electrolysis) applications due to the synergistic effect operating among its constituent elements and unpaired electrons in d orbitals of the concerned metal. In this study, a low cost NiMnFeCu high entropy alloy was successfully synthesised using the combined techniques of mechanical milling (MA) and vacuum sintering. X-ray diffraction was used to analyse the phase composition, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterise the fabricated material’s microstructure and chemical homogeneity, thermal, and mechanical properties were tested using the differential scanning calorimetry method and a universal testing machine, respectively. Electrochemical workstation was used to carry out preliminary electrochemical studies such as linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. The results showed that the as- sintered NiMnFeCu HEA possessed a single- phase FCC structure. The HEA NiMnFeCu sintered at 1050 °C (S4) and 1000 °C (S2) with a holding time of 2 h showed a yield strength of 516.3 MPa and 389.8 MPa, respectively, and the micro-hardness values were measured to be 233.45 ± 9 HV and 198.7 ± 8 HV, respectively. Preliminary electrochemical studies proved that the alloy sintered at 1000 °C (S2) with a holding time of 2 h exhibited excellent electrocatalytic properties with a measured overpotential of 322 mV at 10 mA cm−2 at 100 cycles of CV and good stability for 10 h when compared to state-of-the-art electrocatalytic materials IrO2 and RuO2. This suggested that the HEA NiMnFeCu fabricated under the condition S2 could potentially be used for industrial-scale water electrolysis as it possesses permissible mechanical and good electrochemical properties.
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Huber F, Bartels D, Schmidt M. In-Situ Alloy Formation of a WMoTaNbV Refractory Metal High Entropy Alloy by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB/M). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3095. [PMID: 34200096 PMCID: PMC8201384 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High entropy or multi principal element alloys are a promising and relatively young concept for designing alloys. The idea of creating alloys without a single main alloying element opens up a wide space for possible new alloy compositions. High entropy alloys based on refractory metals such as W, Mo, Ta or Nb are of interest for future high temperature applications e.g., in the aerospace or chemical industry. However, producing refractory metal high entropy alloys by conventional metallurgical methods remains challenging. For this reason, the feasibility of laser-based additive manufacturing of the refractory metal high entropy alloy W20Mo20Ta20Nb20V20 by laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) is investigated in the present work. In-situ alloy formation from mixtures of easily available elemental powders is employed to avoid an expensive atomization of pre-alloyed powder. It is shown that PBF-LB/M of W20Mo20Ta20Nb20V20 is in general possible and that a complete fusion of the powder mixture without a significant number of undissolved particles is achievable by in-situ alloy formation during PBF-LB/M when selecting favorable process parameter combinations. The relative density of the samples with a dimension of 6 × 6 × 6 mm3 reaches, in dependence of the PBF-LB/M parameter set, 99.8%. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements confirm the presence of a single bcc-phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show a dendritic and/or cellular microstructure that can, to some extent, be controlled by the PBF-LB/M parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Huber
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominic Bartels
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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A Review of the Latest Developments in the Field of Refractory High-Entropy Alloys. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11060612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review paper provides insight into current developments in refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) based on previous and currently available literature. High-temperature strength, high-temperature oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance properties make RHEAs unique and stand out from other materials. RHEAs mainly contain refractory elements like W, Ta, Mo, Zr, Hf, V, and Nb (each in the 5–35 at% range), and some low melting elements like Al and Cr at less than 5 at%, which were already developed and in use for the past two decades. These alloys show promise in replacing Ni-based superalloys. In this paper, various manufacturing processes like casting, powder metallurgy, metal forming, thin-film, and coating, as well as the effect of different alloying elements on the microstructure, phase formation, mechanical properties and strengthening mechanism, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance, of RHEAs are reviewed.
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Zhang H, Chen Z, He Y, Guo X, Li Q, Ji S, Zhao Y, Li D. High Performance NbMoTa-Al 2O 3 Multilayer Composite Structure Manufacturing by Laser Directed Energy Deposition. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071685. [PMID: 33808103 PMCID: PMC8036373 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The conventional method of preparing metal–ceramic composite structures causes delamination and cracking defects due to differences in the composite structures’ properties, such as the coefficient of thermal expansion between metal and ceramic materials. Laser-directed energy deposition (LDED) technology has a unique advantage in that the composition of the materials can be changed during the forming process. This technique can overcome existing problems by forming composite structures. In this study, a multilayer composite structure was prepared using LDED technology, and different materials were deposited with their own appropriate process parameters. A layer of Al2O3 ceramic was deposited first, and then three layers of a NbMoTa multi-principal element alloy (MPEA) were deposited as a single composite structural unit. A specimen of the NbMoTa–Al2O3 multilayer composite structure, composed of multiple composite structural units, was formed on the upper surface of a φ20 mm × 60 mm cylinder. The wear resistance was improved by 55% compared to the NbMoTa. The resistivity was 1.55 × 10−5 Ω × m in the parallel forming direction and 1.29 × 10−7 Ω × m in the vertical forming direction. A new, electrically anisotropic material was successfully obtained, and this study provides experimental methods and data for the preparation of smart materials and new sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (H.Z.); (Z.C.); (Y.H.); (S.J.); (Y.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Zihao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (H.Z.); (Z.C.); (Y.H.); (S.J.); (Y.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Yaoyao He
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (H.Z.); (Z.C.); (Y.H.); (S.J.); (Y.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Qingyu Li
- Science and Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China;
| | - Shaokun Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (H.Z.); (Z.C.); (Y.H.); (S.J.); (Y.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Yizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (H.Z.); (Z.C.); (Y.H.); (S.J.); (Y.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Dichen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (H.Z.); (Z.C.); (Y.H.); (S.J.); (Y.Z.); (D.L.)
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Chen Y, Zhang X, Parvez MM, Liou F. A Review on Metallic Alloys Fabrication Using Elemental Powder Blends by Laser Powder Directed Energy Deposition Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3562. [PMID: 32806690 PMCID: PMC7475939 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The laser powder directed energy deposition process is a metal additive manufacturing technique, which can fabricate metal parts with high geometric and material flexibility. The unique feature of in-situ powder feeding makes it possible to customize the elemental composition using elemental powder mixture during the fabrication process. Thus, it can be potentially applied to synthesize industrial alloys with low cost, modify alloys with different powder mixtures, and design novel alloys with location-dependent properties using elemental powder blends as feedstocks. This paper provides an overview of using a laser powder directed energy deposition method to fabricate various types of alloys by feeding elemental powder blends. At first, the advantage of laser powder directed energy deposition in manufacturing metal alloys is described in detail. Then, the state-of-the-art research and development in alloys fabricated by laser powder directed energy deposition through a mix of elemental powders in multiple categories is reviewed. Finally, critical technical challenges, mainly in composition control are discussed for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinchang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65401, USA; (Y.C.); (M.M.P.); (F.L.)
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Effects of Boron Content on Microstructure and Wear Properties of FeCoCrNiBx High-Entropy Alloy Coating by Laser Cladding. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app10010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The FeCoCrNiBx high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings with three different boron (B) contents were synthesized on Q245R steel (American grade: SA515 Gr60) by laser cladding deposition technology. Effects of B content on the microstructure and wear properties of FeCoCrNiBx HEA coating were investigated. In this study, the phase composition, microstructure, micro-hardness, and wear resistance (rolling friction) were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a micro hardness tester, and a roller friction wear tester, respectively. The FeCoCrNiBx coatings exhibited a typical dendritic and interdendritic structure, and the microstructure was refined with the increase of B content. Additionally, the coatings were found to be a simple face-centered cubic (FCC) solid solution with borides. In terms of mechanical properties, the hardness and wear resistance ability of the coating can be enhanced with the increase of the B content, and the maximum hardness value of three HEA coatings reached around 1025 HV0.2, which is higher than the hardness of the substrate material. It is suggested that the present fabricated HEA coatings possess potentials in application of wear resistance structures for Q245R steel.
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Liu TY, Huang JC, Chuang WS, Chou HS, Wei JY, Chao CY, Liao YC, Jang JS. Spinodal Decomposition and Mechanical Response of a TiZrNbTa High-Entropy Alloy. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12213508. [PMID: 31731562 PMCID: PMC6862521 DOI: 10.3390/ma12213508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of spinodal decomposition on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a TiZrNbTa alloy are investigated. The as-cast TiZrNbTa alloy possesses dual phases of TiZr-rich inter-dendrite (ID) and NbTa-rich dendrite (DR) domains, both of which have a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure. In the DRs of the as-cast alloy, the α and ω precipitates are found to be uniformly distributed. After homogenization at 1100 °C for 24 h followed by water quenching, spinodal decomposition occurs and an interconnected structure with a wavelength of 20 nm is formed. The α and ω precipitates remained in the structure. Such a fine spinodal structure strengthens the alloy effectively. Detailed strengthening calculations were conducted in order to estimate the strengthening contributions from the α and ω precipitates, as well as the spinodal decomposition microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-You Liu
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (W.-S.C.); (H.-S.C.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Jacob C. Huang
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (W.-S.C.); (H.-S.C.); (J.-Y.W.)
- Institute for Advanced Study, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-525-2000 (ext. 4063); Fax: +886-7-525-4099
| | - Wen-Shuo Chuang
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (W.-S.C.); (H.-S.C.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Hung-Sheng Chou
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (W.-S.C.); (H.-S.C.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Jui-Yu Wei
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (W.-S.C.); (H.-S.C.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Chih-Yeh Chao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chin Liao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Jason S.C. Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.)
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
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