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Pozo K, Ahrendt C, Gómez V, Jacobsen C, Torres M, Recabarren T, Oyanedel-Craver V, Audy O, Přibylová P, Klánová J. Novel flame retardants detected in marine plastic litter in coastal areas in Central Chile. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116194. [PMID: 38432180 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are released throughout the plastic life cycle, potentially impacting the environment, biodiversity, and human health. This study analyzed novel flame retardants (NFR) in marine plastic litter (MPL) from six coastal areas in central Chile in November 2017. Target chemicals (n = 19) were analyzed using ultrasonic extraction with hexane, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). From all nineteen NFRs analyzed, only ten (53 %) were routinely detected. BTBPE (1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane) showed the highest concentrations at the Bellavista site (618 to 424,000 pg g-1), and HBB (Hexabromobiphenyl), banned since 1970, was detected in Coliumo (2630 to 13,700 pg g-1). These results show emerging transport patterns and underscore the critical need for enhanced waste management practices for MPL in coastal regions to prevent adverse impacts on marine biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Pozo
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Brno, Czech Republic; Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Chile.
| | | | - Victoria Gómez
- GEMA, Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Jacobsen
- Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mariett Torres
- Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Chile
| | - Tatiana Recabarren
- Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Chile
| | - Vinka Oyanedel-Craver
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2 East Alumni Ave, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Ondřej Audy
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Brno, Czech Republic
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Valentini F, Roux JC, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Fambri L, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Fire behaviour of EPDM/NBR panels with paraffin for thermal energy storage applications. Part 1: fire behaviour. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Lee SH, Lee SG, Lee JS, Ma BC. Understanding the Flame Retardant Mechanism of Intumescent Flame Retardant on Improving the Fire Safety of Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224904. [PMID: 36433031 PMCID: PMC9696838 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of multiple inorganic fillers have emerged as viable synergistic agents for boosting the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) polymer materials. However, few studies on the effect of multiple inorganic fillers on the flame retardant behavior of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foam have been carried out. In this paper, a flame retardant combination of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) and traditional flame retardants ammonium polyphosphate (APP), pentaerythritol (PER), melamine cyanurate (MC), calcium carbonate (CC), and expandable graphite (EG) was incorporated into RPU foam to investigate the synergistic effects of the combination of multiple IFR materials on the thermal stability and fire resistance of RPU foam. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that 8 parts per hundred polyols by weight (php) filler concentrations were compatible with RPU foam and yielded an increased amount of char residue compared to the rest of the RPU samples. The flame retardancy of multiple fillers on intumescent flame retardant RPU foam was also investigated using cone calorimeter (CCTs) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, which showed that RPU/IFR1 (APP/PER/MC/EG/CC/ATH) had the best flame retardant performance, with a low peak heat release rate (PHRR) of 82.12 kW/m2, total heat release rate (THR) of 15.15 MJ/m2, and high LOI value of 36%. Furthermore, char residue analysis revealed that the use of multiple fillers contributed to the generation of more intact and homogeneous char after combustion, which led to reduced decomposition of the RPU foam and hindered heat transfer between the gas and condensed phases.
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Synthesis and Properties of Thermally Self-Healing PET Based Linear Polyurethane Containing Diels–Alder Bonds. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163334. [PMID: 36015589 PMCID: PMC9414639 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A Diels–Alder (DA) bond containing poly(tetrahydrofuran)-co-(ethyleneoxide) (PET) based linear polyurethane (PET-DA-PU) was synthesized via a prepolymer process using PET as raw material, DA diol as chain extender agent, and toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) as coupling agent. The structure of PET-DA-PU was characterized by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (1H NMR) and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (13C NMR). The thermal performance and self-healing behavior of PET-DA-PU were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscope, universal testing machine, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and NMR, respectively. The glass transition temperature of PET-DA-PU was found to be −59 °C. Under the heat treatment at 100 °C, the crack on PET-DA-PU film completely disappeared in 9 min, and the self-healing efficiency that was determined by the recovery of the largest tensile strength after being damaged and healed at 100 °C for 20 min can reach 89.1%. SEM images revealed the micro-cracks along with the blocky aggregated hard segments which were the important reasons for fracture. NMR spectroscopy indicated that the efficiency of retro DA reaction of PET-DA-PU was 70% after 20 min heating treatment at 100 °C. Moreover, the PET-DA-PU/Al/Na2SO4 composite was also prepared to simulate propellant formulation and investigated by universal testing machine and SEM; its healing efficiency was up to 87.8% under the same heat treatment process and exhibits good self-healing ability. Therefore, PET-DA-PU may serve as a promising thermally self-healing polymeric binder for future propellant formulations.
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Physical Properties of Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Filled with Alumina Trihydrate and Calcium Carbonate. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122464. [PMID: 35746040 PMCID: PMC9230032 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gutters made of glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) are usually produced with a three-millimetre thickness. The fillers are mixed into unsaturated polyester (UP) resin, which is intended to make the composite material more affordable. This study aims to examine the effects of the addition of alumina trihydrate (ATH), calcium carbonate (CC), and a mixture of ATH and CC of 15 and 30 parts per hundredweight of resins (PHR) on the material properties of the three-millimetre-thick three-layered GFRP composites. The properties observed included physical properties, namely, specific gravity and water absorption, chemical properties such as burning rate, and mechanical properties such as hardness, flexural strength, and toughness. The effects of the fillers on the voids and interfacial bond between the reinforcing fibre and matrix were analysed using the flexural fracture observation through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the addition of fillers into the UP resin led to an increase in the density, hardness, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and toughness but a decrease in water absorption and burning rate in a horizontal position. This information can be helpful for manufacturers of gutters made of GFRP in selecting the appropriate constituent materials while considering the technical and economic properties.
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Lu W, Jin Z. Synthesis of phosphorus/nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardants from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin and syringaldehyde for rigid polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yotkuna K, Chollakup R, Imboon T, Kannan V, Thongmee S. Effect of flame retardant on the physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber and sugarcane bagasse composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Xu M, Lu X, Liu N, Zhang Q, Mo H, Ge Z. Fluoropolymer/Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP) Block Copolyurethane as New Energetic Binders: Synthesis, Mechanical Properties, and Thermal Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2706. [PMID: 34451249 PMCID: PMC8399772 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to enhance the application performance of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) in solid propellant, an energetic copolyurethane binder, (poly[3,3-bis(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxymethyl)oxetane] glycol-block-glycidylazide polymer (PBFMO-b-GAP) was synthesized using poly[3,3-bis(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxymethyl)oxetane] glycol (PBFMO), which was prepared from cationic polymerization with GAP as the raw material and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) as the coupling agent via a prepolymer process. The molecular structure of copolyurethanes was confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The impact sensitivity, mechanical performance, and thermal behavior of PBFMO-b-GAP were studied by drop weight test, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS), tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The results demonstrated that the introduction of fluoropolymers could evidently reduce the sensitivity of GAP-based polyurethane and enhance its mechanical behavior (the tensile strength up to 5.75 MPa with a breaking elongation of 1660%). Besides, PBFMO-b-GAP exhibited excellent resistance to thermal decomposition up to 200 °C and good compatibility with Al and cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX). The thermal performance of the PBFMO-b-GAP/Al complex was investigated by a cook-off test, and the results indicated that the complex has specific reaction energy. Therefore, PBFMO-b-GAP may serve as a promising energetic binder for future propellant formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
- Department of Energetic Materials Science and Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.M.); (Z.G.)
| | - Xianming Lu
- Department of Energetic Materials Science and Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.M.); (Z.G.)
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Energetic Materials Science and Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.M.); (Z.G.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Energetic Materials Science and Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.M.); (Z.G.)
| | - Hongchang Mo
- Department of Energetic Materials Science and Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.M.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhongxue Ge
- Department of Energetic Materials Science and Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.M.); (Z.G.)
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Bhoite SP, Kim J, Jo W, Bhoite PH, Mali SS, Park KH, Hong CK. Expanded Polystyrene Beads Coated with Intumescent Flame Retardant Material to Achieve Fire Safety Standards. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2662. [PMID: 34451203 PMCID: PMC8398555 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The compatibility and coating ratio between flame retardant materials and expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam is a major impediment to achieving satisfactory flame retardant performance. In this study, we prepared a water-based intumescent flame retardant system and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-coated expandable polystyrene microspheres by a simple coating approach. We investigated the compatibility, coating ratio, and fire performance of EPS- and MDI-coated EPS foam using a water-based intumescent flame retardant system. The microscopic study revealed that the water-based intumescent flame retardant materials were successfully incorporated with and without MDI-coated EPS microspheres. The cone calorimeter tests (CCTs) of the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials exhibited better flame retardant performance with a lower total heat release (THR) 7.3 MJ/m2, peak heat release rate (PHRR) 57.6 kW/m2, fire growth rate (FIGRA) 2027.067 W/m2.s, and total smoke production (TSP) 0.133 m2. Our results demonstrated that the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials achieved flame retarding properties as per fire safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram P. Bhoite
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Jonghyuck Kim
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Wan Jo
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Pravin H. Bhoite
- Department of Chemistry, Kisan Veer Mahavidyalaya, Wai 412803, India;
| | - Sawanta S. Mali
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Kyu-Hwan Park
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Chang-Kook Hong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
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Wang J, Xue L, Zhao B, Lin G, Jin X, Liu D, Zhu H, Yang J, Shang K. Flame Retardancy, Fire Behavior, and Flame Retardant Mechanism of Intumescent Flame Retardant EPDM Containing Ammonium Polyphosphate/Pentaerythrotol and Expandable Graphite. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12244035. [PMID: 31817279 PMCID: PMC6947204 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intumescent flame retardant ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) was prepared using intumescent flame retardant (IFR), including ammonium polyphosphate (APP) /pentaerythrotol (PER) and expandable graphite (EG), as the flame retardant agent. The effects of IFR and EG on the flame retardancy, fire behavior, and thermal stability of the EPDM were investigated. The results show that IFR and EG have excellent synergistic flame retardant effects. When the mass ratio of IFR to EG is 3:1 and the total addition content is 40 phr, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the EPDM material (EPDM/IFR/EG) can reach 30.4%, and it can pass a V-0 rating in the vertical combustion (UL-94) test. Meanwhile, during the cone calorimetry test, the heat release rate and total heat release of EPDM/IFR/EG are 69.0% and 33.3% lower than that of the pure EPDM, respectively, and the smoke release of the material also decreases significantly, suggesting that the sample shows good fire safety. In addition, the flame retardant mechanism of IFR and EG is systematically investigated by thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results indicate that IFR and EG have only physical interaction. Moreover, the reason why IFR exhibits a poor flame retardant effect in EPDM materials is explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Wang
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Lei Xue
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China; (L.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Bi Zhao
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Guide Lin
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Xing Jin
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Dan Liu
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Haibo Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China; (L.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jinjun Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China; (L.X.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (K.S.); Tel.: +86-022-23861237 (K.S.)
| | - Ke Shang
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management, 110 Weijin Nan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (G.L.); (X.J.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (K.S.); Tel.: +86-022-23861237 (K.S.)
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Zirnstein B, Schulze D, Schartel B. Combination of Phosphorous Flame Retardants and Aluminum Trihydrate in Multicomponent EPDM Composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zirnstein
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin Germany
| | - Dietmar Schulze
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin Germany
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