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Stempkowska A, Gawenda T, Smoroń K. The Diatomite Grinding Technology Concept for the Protection of Diatomite Shells and the Control of Product Grading. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3662. [PMID: 39124325 PMCID: PMC11312745 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Diatomite deposits in Poland are located in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship, and the only active deposit is in Jawornik Ruski. Therefore, it is a unique material. Improved rock processing methods are constantly in demand. In the research presented here, we have used research methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), particle shape analysis, and appropriate sets of crushing machines. Diatomite comminution tests were carried out on test stands in different crushers (jaw crusher, hammer crusher, high-pressure roller press, ball mill) using different elementary crushing force actions: crushing, abrasion, and impact, occurring separately or in combination. The machines were tested with selected variable parameters to obtain products with a wide range of grain sizes ranging from 0 to 10 mm. The ball mill (yield 87%, system C3) and the hammer crusher with HPGR (high-pressure grinding roller) (yield 79%, system D2 + D3) have the greatest impact on diatom shell release and accumulation in the finest 0-5 μm and 5-10 μm fractions. For commercial purposes, it is important to obtain very fine fractions while keeping the shells undisturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Stempkowska
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, AGH University, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Gawenda
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, AGH University, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Smoroń
- Specialized Mining Company GÓRTECH Sp. z o.o., 31-586 Kraków, Poland;
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Ziejewska C, Bąk A, Hodor K, Hebda M. Eco-Friendly Coal Gangue and/or Metakaolin-Based Lightweight Geopolymer with the Addition of Waste Glass. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6054. [PMID: 37687748 PMCID: PMC10489159 DOI: 10.3390/ma16176054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Massive amounts of deposited coal gangue derived from the mining industry constitute a crucial problem that must be solved. On the other hand, common knowledge about the recycling of glass products and the reuse of waste glass is still insufficient, which in turn causes economic and environmental problems. Therefore, this work investigated lightweight geopolymer foams manufactured based on coal gangue, metakaolin, and a mix of them to evaluate the influence of such waste on the geopolymer matrix. In addition, the effect of 20% (wt.) of waste glass on the foams was determined. Mineralogical and chemical composition, thermal behaviour, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, morphology, and density of foams were investigated. Furthermore, the structure of the geopolymers was examined in detail, including pore and structure thickness, homogeneity, degree of anisotropy, porosity with division for closed and open pores, as well as distribution of additives and pores using micro-computed tomography (microCT). The results show that the incorporation of waste glass increased compressive strength by approximately 54% and 9% in the case of coal-gangue-based and metakaolin-based samples, respectively. The porosity of samples ranged from 67.3% to 58.7%, in which closed pores constituted 0.3-1.8%. Samples had homogeneous distributions of pores and additions. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity ranged from 0.080 W/(m·K) to 0.117 W/(m·K), whereas the degree of anisotropy was 0.126-0.187, indicating that the structure of foams was approximate to isotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Ziejewska
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (C.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Bąk
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (C.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Krzysztof Hodor
- NETZSCH (Netzsch Instrumenty Sp. z o.o.), Halicka 9, 31-036 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Marek Hebda
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (C.Z.); (A.B.)
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Visa M, Enesca A. Opportunities for Recycling PV Glass and Coal Fly Ash into Zeolite Materials Used for Removal of Heavy Metals (Cd, Cu, Pb) from Wastewater. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:ma16010239. [PMID: 36614577 PMCID: PMC9822412 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This work shows the development and characterization of two zeolite structures by recycling PV glass and coal fly ash for the removal of cadmium, copper, and lead from synthetic solutions containing one or three cations. The materials were characterized in terms of crystalline structure (XRD), morphology (SEM, AFM), and specific surface. For increasing the heavy-metals removal efficiency, the adsorption conditions, such as substrate dosage, preliminary concentration, and contact time, were optimized. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model adsorption kinetics fit well to describe the activity of the zeolites ZFAGPV-A and ZFAGPV-S. The zeolite adsorption equilibrium data were expressed using Langmuir and Freundlich models. The highest adsorption capacities of the ZFAGPV-A zeolite are qmaxCd = 55.56 mg/g, qmaxCu = 60.11 mg/g, qmaxPb = 175.44 mg/g, and of ZFAGPV-S, are qmaxCd = 33.45 mg/g, qmaxCu = 54.95 mg/g, qmaxPb = 158.73 mg/g, respectively. This study demonstrated a new opportunity for waste recycling for applications in removing toxic heavy metals from wastewater.
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Łach M, Grela A, Pławecka K, Guigou MD, Mikuła J, Komar N, Bajda T, Korniejenko K. Surface Modification of Synthetic Zeolites with Ca and HDTMA Compounds with Determination of Their Phytoavailability and Comparison of CEC and AEC Parameters. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124083. [PMID: 35744143 PMCID: PMC9229494 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zeolites obtained from fly ash are characterized by very good anion- and cation-exchange properties and a developed porous structure. This paper presents the results of surface modification studies of synthetic zeolites obtained from calcined coal shale (clay materials). Calcium compounds and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA) were used as modifying substances. The characteristics of the raw material and the zeolite obtained as a result of its synthesis are presented. The surface modification method is described. Furthermore, the results of sorption and desorption of NO3, PO4, and SO4 from raw and modified samples are presented. The results of anion- and cation-exchange capacities for other zeolite types were also compared. Modification of the materials with Ca ions and HDTMA surfactant only improved the sorption of sulfates. The 90% desorption of nitrates, phosphates, and sulphates from the zeolite material without modification indicates a good release capacity of these compounds and their potential use as fertilizer additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Łach
- Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Cracow, Poland; (M.Ł.); (K.P.); (J.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Grela
- Faculty of Environmental and Power Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Kinga Pławecka
- Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Cracow, Poland; (M.Ł.); (K.P.); (J.M.)
| | - Martin Duarte Guigou
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnologías, Universidad Católica del Uruguay, B de Octubre 2738, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay;
| | - Janusz Mikuła
- Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Cracow, Poland; (M.Ł.); (K.P.); (J.M.)
| | - Norbert Komar
- Ekologia Przedsiębiorczość Innowacje Spółka z o.o., Kühna 17, 42-256 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Bajda
- Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Kinga Korniejenko
- Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Cracow, Poland; (M.Ł.); (K.P.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-609-974-988
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Jangkorn S, Youngme S, Praipipat P. Comparative lead adsorptions in synthetic wastewater by synthesized zeolite A of recycled industrial wastes from sugar factory and power plant. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09323. [PMID: 35520609 PMCID: PMC9061264 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing of industrializations causes of waste management problems, so use of industrial wastes for other purposes is an alternative option not only reducing industrial wastes but also providing benefit applications. Water contaminated by heavy metals is concerned because of their toxicity, so the water treatment is required. Sugar factory and power plant create big loads of wastes which are bagasse fly ash (BFA) and coal fly ash (CFA). Since BFA and CFA have good chemical properties, they are possible to apply as raw materials for synthesis of zeolite-type adsorbents. Thus, use of these industrial wastes for heavy metal adsorptions is a good idea to accomplish for the waste management and water quality. This study presented the modified method of zeolite A synthesis by BFA and CFA for lead removals, characteristic identifications of synthesized zeolite A adsorbents, their lead adsorption efficiencies, and their adsorption isotherm and kinetics were investigated. ZBG and ZCF were synthesized, and all analytic characterizations were determined that ZBG and ZCF corresponded to zeolite A standard (STD). ZBG and ZCF were demonstrated lead removal efficiencies of 100%. The highest negatively charged of ZBG and ZCF were found at pH of 5 matched to the highest lead removal efficiencies of both zeolite A adsorbents. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics of ZBG and ZCF were corresponded to Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Therefore, ZBG and ZCF are potential adsorbents for environmental applications along with reducing of industrial wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirirat Jangkorn
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Environmental Applications of Recycled and Natural Materials (EARN) Laboratory, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sujittra Youngme
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Pornsawai Praipipat
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Environmental Applications of Recycled and Natural Materials (EARN) Laboratory, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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Pangan N, Gallardo S, Gaspillo PA, Kurniawan W, Hinode H, Promentilla M. Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Zeolite A from Corn (Zea Mays) Stover Ash. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174915. [PMID: 34501004 PMCID: PMC8433628 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study deals with the impact of calcination, alkalinity, and curing time parameters on the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite A. The zeolite A sample, produced from corncob-stalk-and-leaves (corn stover) ash was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that calcination, alkalinity, and curing time have significant effects on the crystallization and the morphology of zeolite A. In addition, these parameters also impacted the cation exchange capacity. Furthermore, the synthesized zeolite A was obtained using a calcination temperature of 500 °C within two hours of airflow, which is much lower than the temperatures previously reported in the literature for an agricultural waste and other waste materials. A fusion ratio of corn stover ash:NaOH of 1.0:1.5 and a curing time of nine hours were achieved. This is a major result as this curing time is much lower than those featured in other studies, which can reach up to twenty-four hours. In this paper, cubic crystal with rounded edge of zeolite A, having a cation exchange capacity of 2.439 meq Na+/g of synthesized anhydrous zeolite A, was obtained, which can be a good candidate for ion-exchange separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norway Pangan
- Arts and Sciences Department, Technological University of the Philippines, Taguig 1630, Philippines
- Chemical Engineering Department, De La Salle University of the Philippines, Manila 0922, Philippines; (S.G.); (P.-a.G.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +63-917-117-7939
| | - Susan Gallardo
- Chemical Engineering Department, De La Salle University of the Philippines, Manila 0922, Philippines; (S.G.); (P.-a.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Pag-asa Gaspillo
- Chemical Engineering Department, De La Salle University of the Philippines, Manila 0922, Philippines; (S.G.); (P.-a.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Winarto Kurniawan
- Department of International Development Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; (W.K.); (H.H.)
| | - Hirofumi Hinode
- Department of International Development Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; (W.K.); (H.H.)
| | - Michael Promentilla
- Chemical Engineering Department, De La Salle University of the Philippines, Manila 0922, Philippines; (S.G.); (P.-a.G.); (M.P.)
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Preparation of Synthetic Zeolites from Coal Fly Ash by Hydrothermal Synthesis. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051267. [PMID: 33800022 PMCID: PMC7962127 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Large amounts of coal combustion products (as solid products of thermal power plants) with different chemical and physical properties cause serious environmental problems. Even though coal fly ash is a coal combustion product, it has a wide range of applications (e.g., in construction, metallurgy, chemical production, reclamation etc.). One of its potential uses is in zeolitization to obtain a higher added value of the product. The aim of this paper is to produce a material with sufficient textural properties used, for example, for environmental purposes (an adsorbent) and/or storage material. In practice, the coal fly ash (No. 1 and No. 2) from Czech power plants was firstly characterized in detail (X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), particle size measurement, and textural analysis), and then it was hydrothermally treated to synthetize zeolites. Different concentrations of NaOH, LiCl, Al2O3, and aqueous glass; different temperature effects (90–120 °C); and different process lengths (6–48 h) were studied. Furthermore, most of the experiments were supplemented with a crystallization phase that was run for 16 h at 50 °C. After qualitative product analysis (SEM-EDX, XRD, and textural analytics), quantitative XRD evaluation with an internal standard was used for zeolitization process evaluation. Sodalite (SOD), phillipsite (PHI), chabazite (CHA), faujasite-Na (FAU-Na), and faujasite-Ca (FAU-Ca) were obtained as the zeolite phases. The content of these zeolite phases ranged from 2.09 to 43.79%. The best conditions for the zeolite phase formation were as follows: 4 M NaOH, 4 mL 10% LiCl, liquid/solid ratio of 30:1, silica/alumina ratio change from 2:1 to 1:1, temperature of 120 °C, process time of 24 h, and a crystallization phase for 16 h at 50 °C.
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Optimization of Parameters and Methodology for the Synthesis of LTA-Type Zeolite Using Light Coal Ash. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10207332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of zeolites using waste as a source of Si and Al is well known, and light coal ash has been studied to minimize the problems of waste management and mitigate environmental effects. The residue used in this work was supplied by Coal Workers Assistance Society (SATC) Criciúma–SC/Brazil, and had 24.09% Al2O3 and 54.25% SiO2 in its chemical composition. Synthesis studies using this residue with the objective of obtaining LTA zeolites were carried out by hydrothermal means, alkaline fusion, and the combination of the two methods, varying parameters such as crystallization time, Na/T ratio, OH/ratio, ultrasound exposure, gel agitation temperature, and the alkaline melting temperature of the residue. The results were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG). It was possible to obtain 70% crystalline zeolite type LTA for the first time at mild conditions with temperatures below 200 °C by alkaline fusion with smaller amounts of NaOH and short times (2 h). Thus, suitable parameters were determined for future scaling.
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