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Botejara-Antúnez M, Prieto-Fernández A, González-Domínguez J, Sánchez-Barroso G, García-Sanz-Calcedo J. Life cycle assessment of a LiFePO 4 cylindrical battery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-32543-3. [PMID: 38427173 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Reduction of the environmental impact, energy efficiency and optimization of material resources are basic aspects in the design and sizing of a battery. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize the environmental impact associated with the life cycle of a 7.47 Wh 18,650 cylindrical single-cell LiFePO4 battery. Life cycle assessment (LCA), the SimaPro 9.1 software package, the Ecoinvent 3.5 database and the ReCiPe 2016 impact assessment method were used for this purpose. Environmental impacts were modelled and quantified using the dual midpoint-endpoint approach and the "cradle-to-gate" model. The results showed the electrodes to be the battery components with the highest environmental impact (41.36% of the total), with the negative electrode being the most unfavourable (29.8 mPt). The ageing, calibration and testing process (53.97 mPt) accounts for 97.21% of the total impact associated with the production process's consumption of energy, and 41.20% of the total impact associated with the battery. This new knowledge will allow a more detailed view of the environmental impact of cylindrical cell LiFePO4 batteries, favouring the identification of critical points to enhance their sustainable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Botejara-Antúnez
- Departamento de Expresión Gráfica, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas, s/n, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Alejandro Prieto-Fernández
- Departamento de Expresión Gráfica, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas, s/n, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Jaime González-Domínguez
- Departamento de Expresión Gráfica, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas, s/n, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Sánchez-Barroso
- Departamento de Expresión Gráfica, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas, s/n, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Justo García-Sanz-Calcedo
- Departamento de Expresión Gráfica, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas, s/n, Badajoz, 06006, Spain.
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Advancing battery design based on environmental impacts using an aqueous Al-ion cell as a case study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8911. [PMID: 35618815 PMCID: PMC9135763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The drive to decarbonise our economy needs to be built into our technology development, particularly in the energy storage industry. A method for creating performance targets for battery development based on environmental impact is presented and discussed. By taking the environmental impact assessments from existing lithium-ion battery technology—it is possible to derive energy density, cycle life and % active material targets required to achieve equal or better environmental impacts for emerging technologies to use. A parameter ‘goal space’ is presented using this technique for an aqueous aluminium-ion battery in its early development. This method is based on the main reason for battery technology advancement—the mitigation of climate change and the reduction of overall CO2 emissions in society. By starting out with targets based on emission data, sustainability will be at the centre of battery research, as it should be.
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Martins LS, Guimarães LF, Botelho Junior AB, Tenório JAS, Espinosa DCR. Electric car battery: An overview on global demand, recycling and future approaches towards sustainability. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 295:113091. [PMID: 34171777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Li-ion batteries are daily present in our electronic devices. These batteries are used in electric and hybrid vehicles supporting the current agreements to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, the electric vehicle demand has increased in the world. As Li-ion batteries are composed of critical metals in which there is a risk of interruption of supply in the medium term, recycling is the key to a sustainable future without internal combustion vehicles. Understanding the current scenario and future perspectives is important for strategies of new battery design, recycling routes and reverse logistics, as well as policies for sustainable development. This paper presents an overview of current and future vehicles used worldwide. An increase from 1.3 to 2 billion vehicles is expected worldwide until 2030; an outstanding demand will occur mainly in BRICS countries. The data demonstrated a correlation between the number of vehicles in use and GDP. Patents and processes designed for recycling Li-ion batteries and the new developments on pyro-, hydro-, and bio-metallurgical routes have been revised. The manuscript describes the importance and benefits of recycling as regards the supply of critical metals and future trends towards a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Salles Martins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of Sao Paulo. Rua do Lago, 250 - 2° andar, CEP, 05508-080, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Fonseca Guimarães
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of Sao Paulo. Rua do Lago, 250 - 2° andar, CEP, 05508-080, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of Sao Paulo. Rua do Lago, 250 - 2° andar, CEP, 05508-080, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of Sao Paulo. Rua do Lago, 250 - 2° andar, CEP, 05508-080, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of Sao Paulo. Rua do Lago, 250 - 2° andar, CEP, 05508-080, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Life Cycle Assessment of Stationary Storage Systems within the Italian Electric Network. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14082047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of stationary storage systems into the Italian electric network is necessary to accommodate the increasing share of energy from non-programmable renewable sources and to reach progressive decarbonization targets. In this framework, a life cycle assessment is a suitable tool to assess environmental impacts during the entire life cycle of stationary storage systems, i.e., their sustainability. A Li-ion battery (lithium–iron–phosphate (LFP), nickel–manganese–cobalt (NMC) 532, and NMC 622) entire life cycle assessment (LCA) based on primary and literature data was performed. The LCA results showed that energy consumption (predominantly during cell production), battery design (particularly binder choice), inventory accuracy, and data quality are key aspects that can strongly affect results. Regarding the battery construction phase, LFP batteries showed better performance than the NMC ones, but when the end-of-life (EoL) stage was included, NMC cell performance became very close to those of LFPs. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, done using the Monte Carlo methodology, confirmed that the results (except for the freshwater eutrophication indicator) were characterized by a low dispersion and that the energy mix choice, during the different battery life phases, was able to greatly influence the overall impact. The use of primary and updated data related to battery cell production, like those used in the present paper, was necessary to obtain reliable results, and the application to a European production line is an item of novelty of this paper.
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Life Cycle Assessment of Classic and Innovative Batteries for Solar Home Systems in Europe. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13133454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an environmental sustainability assessment of residential user-scale energy systems, named solar home systems, encompassing their construction, operation, and end of life. The methodology adopted is composed of three steps, namely a design phase, a simulation of the solar home systems’ performance and a life cycle assessment. The analysis aims to point out the main advantages, features, and challenges of lithium-ion batteries, considered as a benchmark, compared with other innovative devices. As the environmental sustainability of these systems is affected by the solar radiation intensity during the year, a sensitivity analysis is performed varying the latitude of the installation site in Europe. For each site, both isolated and grid-connected solar home systems have been compared considering also the national electricity mix. A general overview of the results shows that, regardless of the installation site, solid state nickel cobalt manganese and nickel cobalt aluminium lithium-ion batteries are the most suitable choices in terms of sustainability. Remarkably, other novel devices, like sodium-ion batteries, are already competitive with them and have great potential. With these batteries, the solar home systems’ eco-profile is generally advantageous compared to the energy mix, especially in on-grid configurations, with some exceptions.
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Victoria Dimas B, Hernández Pérez I, Febles VG, Arceo LDB, Parra RS, Rivera Olvera JN, Luna Paz R, Máximo DVM, Reyes LG. Atomic-Scale Investigation on the Evolution of Tio 2-Anatase Prepared by a Sonochemical Route and Treated with NaOH. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E685. [PMID: 32033021 PMCID: PMC7040896 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
To date, the formation mechanisms of TiO2, as well as its heterostructures, have not been clarified. Moreover, detailed research on the transition from a tetragonal anatase phase to the monoclinic phase of the TiO2(B) phase and their interface structure has been quite limited until now. In the present study, we report on the sonochemical synthesis of TiO2-anatase with a crystallite size of 5.2 ± 1.5 nm under different NaOH concentrations via the hydrothermal method. The use of alkaline solution and the effect of the temperature and reaction time on the formation and structural properties of TiO2-anatase nanopowders were studied. The effects of NaOH concentration on the formation and transformation of titanate structures are subject to thermal effects that stem from the redistribution of energy in the system. These mechanisms could be attributed to three phenomena: (1) the self-assembly of nanofibers and nanosheets, (2) the Ostwald ripening process, and (3) the self-development of hollow TiO2 mesostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Victoria Dimas
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-A, Av. Sn. Pablo No. 180, México D.F. 02200, Mexico; (B.V.D.); (R.L.P.)
| | - Isaías Hernández Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-A, Av. Sn. Pablo No. 180, México D.F. 02200, Mexico; (B.V.D.); (R.L.P.)
| | - Vicente Garibay Febles
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152 Col. San Bartolo Atepehuacan, México D.F. C.P 07730, Mexico;
| | - Lucía Díaz Barriga Arceo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Materiales, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIQIE-UPALM, México D.F. 07738, Mexico;
| | - Raúl Suárez Parra
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, IER-UNAM. Priv. Xochicalco S/N, Temixco, Morelos 62580, Mexico;
| | - Jesús Noé Rivera Olvera
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/ TES Ixtapaluca. TESI, Km. 7 de la carretera Ixtapaluca-Coatepec s/n, Ixtapaluca, Estado de México C.P.56580, Mexico;
| | - Ricardo Luna Paz
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-A, Av. Sn. Pablo No. 180, México D.F. 02200, Mexico; (B.V.D.); (R.L.P.)
| | - Dulce Viridiana Melo Máximo
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Carretera Lago de Guadalupe km 3.5, Atizapán de Zaragoza C.P. 52926, Mexico;
| | - Leonardo González Reyes
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-A, Av. Sn. Pablo No. 180, México D.F. 02200, Mexico; (B.V.D.); (R.L.P.)
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Salgado Delgado MA, Usai L, Ellingsen LAW, Pan Q, Strømman AH. Correction: Salgado Delgado, M.A., et al. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of a Novel Al-Ion and a Li-Ion Battery for Stationary Applications. Materials 2019, 12, 3270. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12233893. [PMID: 31775368 PMCID: PMC6926627 DOI: 10.3390/ma12233893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Amin Salgado Delgado
- Industrial Ecology Program, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, E1-Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Lorenz Usai
- Industrial Ecology Program, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, E1-Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Linda Ager-Wick Ellingsen
- Industrial Ecology Program, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, E1-Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Qiaoyan Pan
- ACCUREC Recycling GmbH, Bataverstraße 21, DE-47809 Krefeld, Germany;
| | - Anders Hammer Strømman
- Industrial Ecology Program, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, E1-Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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