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Ghazali A, Azhar NH, Mohd Salleh R, Rafatullah M, Khairuddean M, Mahmud S. Nano cells from fruit bunch residue: Nestling nanotechnology within the circular oil palm milling residue management. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30824. [PMID: 38784543 PMCID: PMC11112318 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nano-structured materials gain a vast market acceptance mainly due to their overarching endurance. Nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) is one example of an augmenting agent unviable for production by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) due to the underlying process complexity. This study aims to characterise the NFC-alternative cells denoted as TRX-cellsⓇ, which is a mix of cellulose and non-cellulose components, ruling out its status as 'cellulose nanofibers, CNF'. The aim to test-fit the TRX-cells® production process into the circularity model was executed by deliberating on the usability of the byproduct. In doing so, fibrous oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was treated with dioxydanyl radicals (DIOR) and homogenised. The rapid EFB-DIOR reaction at 70°C targeting dearomatisation reaction in a 10%-solid open system was performed before refining the DIOR-treated EFB to micro-scale fibres. Subjecting the micro-fibres to 17 kWh/mt PFI-milling yielded 85-95% of nano-scale fibrous mass. Relative to the stiff micro-fibres, the nano-scale cells web exhibit 34-41% softness enhancement judged from the web tear resistance profile associated with inter-fibre space reduction. Advanced chromatographic evidence for 27% xylan amongst TRX-cells®' total aldo-sugars was one form of the non-cellulose nano-component. High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy hyphenated to Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-ray (HRTEM-EDX) elemental mapping showed a 0.4 atomic percentage of nano-biominerals, confirming the presence of the redistributed dearomatised cells adjacent to cellulose held in the web of the hemicellulose. Shearing at the dearomatised inter-cell wall layers by PFI mill peeled 5 nm-100 nm thickness laminae. The smorgasbord of cellulose and non-celluloses resulted in crystallinity comparable to softwood NFC of approximately 60%, with unique preservation and precision-printing enabling properties. Given the non-recyclability of the DIOR-treated EFB microfibres, nestling the rapid waste transformation process into the circularity model shed light on circular bio-nanotechnology to the spectrum of opportunity for zero-waste, reduced emission and net zero carbon practices on top of an added value from waste transformation to a product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arniza Ghazali
- Division of Bioresource Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Haffizah Azhar
- Division of Bioresource Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rabeta Mohd Salleh
- Department of Community Health, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200, USM Bertam, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Melati Khairuddean
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Shahrom Mahmud
- Nano-Optoelectronic Research and Technology (NOR) Lab, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM, Penang, Malaysia
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Shikh Zahari SMSN, Liu Y, Yao P, Ideris MS, Azman HH, Hallett JP. OPEFB pretreatment using the low-cost N,N,N-dimethylbutylammonium hydrogen sulfate ionic liquid under varying conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22354. [PMID: 38102175 PMCID: PMC10724162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of temperature and period on the pretreatment of OPEFB using the low-cost N,N,N-dimethylbutylammonium hydrogen sulfate ionic liquid ([DMBA][HSO4] IL) with 20 wt% of water. The results demonstrate that higher pretreatment temperatures (120, 150, and 170 °C) and longer periods (0.5, 1, and 2 h) enhanced lignin recovery, resulting in increased purity of the recovered pulp and subsequently enhanced glucose released during enzymatic hydrolysis. However, at 170 °C, prolonging the period led to cellulose degradation and the formation of pseudo-lignin deposited on the pulps, resulting in a decreasing-trend in glucose released. Finally, the analysis of extracted lignin reveals that increasing pretreatment severity intensified lignin depolymerisation and condensation, leading to a decrease in number average molecular weight (Mn), weight average molecular weight (Mw) and polydispersity index (Đ) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Shahrul Nizan Shikh Zahari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK.
- Industrial Chemical Technology Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Yichen Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Putian Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK
| | - Mahfuzah Samirah Ideris
- Industrial Chemical Technology Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Hazeeq Hazwan Azman
- Centre for Foundation and General Studies, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Timur Tambahan, 45600, Bestari Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Jason P Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK.
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Trombino S, Sole R, Di Gioia ML, Procopio D, Curcio F, Cassano R. Green Chemistry Principles for Nano- and Micro-Sized Hydrogel Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052107. [PMID: 36903352 PMCID: PMC10004334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for drug carriers and green-technology-based tissue engineering materials has enabled the fabrication of different types of micro- and nano-assemblies. Hydrogels are a type of material that have been extensively investigated in recent decades. Their physical and chemical properties, such as hydrophilicity, resemblance to living systems, swelling ability and modifiability, make them suitable to be exploited for many pharmaceutical and bioengineering applications. This review deals with a brief account of green-manufactured hydrogels, their characteristics, preparations, importance in the field of green biomedical technology and their future perspectives. Only hydrogels based on biopolymers, and primarily on polysaccharides, are considered. Particular attention is given to the processes of extracting such biopolymers from natural sources and the various emerging problems for their processing, such as solubility. Hydrogels are catalogued according to the main biopolymer on which they are based and, for each type, the chemical reactions and the processes that enable their assembly are identified. The economic and environmental sustainability of these processes are commented on. The possibility of large-scale processing in the production of the investigated hydrogels are framed in the context of an economy aimed at waste reduction and resource recycling.
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Syazwani Athirah Sazuan N, Irwan Zubairi S, Hanisah Mohd N, Daik R. Synthesising Injectable Molecular Self-Curing Polymer from Monomer Derived from Lignocellulosic Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Biomass: A Review on Treating Osteoarthritis. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Probiotic Properties of Lactobacillus fermentum InaCC B1295 Encapsulated by Cellulose Microfiber from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims at an in vitro characterization of the acid and bile tolerance of Lactobacillus fermentum InaCC B1295 (LFB1295) encapsulated with hydrogel cellulose microfibers (CMF) from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs). The viability at different storage temperatures was assessed. The experimental design used in this research was an in vitro trial. The microencapsulated probiotic was stored at 25 °C and 4 °C for 28 days. LFB1295 encapsulated with cellulose microfiber hydrogel from OPEFB showed a stable viability of probiotic bacteria at pH 2 and 0.5% (m/v) oxgall. In addition, the microencapsulation maintained the viability at 25 °C and 4 °C at 0, 14, and 28 days. The characterization of the encapsulant CMF-OPEFB showed that the thickness of CMF was in the range of 5–15 μm, and XRD patterns showed that CMF was of the cellulose I type with a crystallinity index of 77.08%. Based on its resistance to hydrogen peroxide, ability to scavenge DPPH radicals, and activity in scavenging hydroxyl radicals, LFB1295 encapsulated with CMF hydrogel of OPEFB exhibits antioxidant properties as good as the scavenging ability of DPPH radicals with IC50 of 36.880, 188.530, and 195.358 µg/mL, respectively, during storage for 0, 14, and 28 days at room and refrigerated temperature. Furthermore, hydroxyl radicals (HR)-scavenging activity showed an increased inhibition along with the increasing concentration of the Fenton reaction and decreasing concentration of cell-free supernatant (CFS) during storage time. In vitro safety tests, including hemolytic activity, biogenic amines, cytolysin, and gelatinase production, showed that the encapsulated LFB1295 was safe to use as a probiotic. The results of the inhibitory activity against hydrogen peroxide LFB1295 show that the higher the concentration of H2O2, the lower the inhibition value during 28 days of storage. Based on the storage temperature, the inhibition of LAB against H2O2 based on different storage temperatures showed a better level of the inhibition at cold temperatures compared to at room temperature.
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Hoo DY, Low ZL, Low DYS, Tang SY, Manickam S, Tan KW, Ban ZH. Ultrasonic cavitation: An effective cleaner and greener intensification technology in the extraction and surface modification of nanocellulose. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 90:106176. [PMID: 36174272 PMCID: PMC9519792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With rising consumer demand for natural products, a greener and cleaner technology, i.e., ultrasound-assisted extraction, has received immense attention given its effective and rapid isolation for nanocellulose compared to conventional methods. Nevertheless, the application of ultrasound on a commercial scale is limited due to the challenges associated with process optimization, high energy requirement, difficulty in equipment design and process scale-up, safety and regulatory issues. This review aims to narrow the research gap by placing the current research activities into perspectives and highlighting the diversified applications, significant roles, and potentials of ultrasound to ease future developments. In recent years, enhancements have been reported with ultrasound assistance, including a reduction in extraction duration, minimization of the reliance on harmful chemicals, and, most importantly, improved yield and properties of nanocellulose. An extensive review of the strengths and weaknesses of ultrasound-assisted treatments has also been considered. Essentially, the cavitation phenomena enhance the extraction efficiency through an increased mass transfer rate between the substrate and solvent due to the implosion of microbubbles. Optimization of process parameters such as ultrasonic intensity, duration, and frequency have indicated their significance for improved efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Yee Hoo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Zhen Li Low
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Darren Yi Sern Low
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siah Ying Tang
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Khang Wei Tan
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Zhen Hong Ban
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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7
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Cellulose hydrogel development from unbleached oil palm biomass pulps for dermal drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:483-495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Soleimani S, Heydari A, Fattahi M. Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Waste Cotton Fibers Using Sulfuric Acid Hydrolysis. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Soleimani
- Chemical Engineering Group, Faculty of Engineering University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Ardabil Iran
| | - Amir Heydari
- Chemical Engineering Group, Faculty of Engineering University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Ardabil Iran
| | - Moslem Fattahi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Abadan Faculty of Petroleum Engineering Petroleum University of Technology Abadan Iran
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Hydrogel Application in Urban Farming: Potentials and Limitations—A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132590. [PMID: 35808635 PMCID: PMC9268874 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban agriculture plays a vital role in ensuring the self-sufficiency of a great variety of fresh vegetables and nutrients. It promotes a sustainable food system as well as reducing the dependency on imports for the growing population. Urban farming has made it possible for agriculture practices to be implemented anywhere at any time in a sophisticated way. Hydrogel has been introduced in urban agriculture in the past few decades. However, the application of hydrogel in urban agriculture is still being explored in terms of hydrogel types, structure, physical and chemical properties, change due to external factors, and its suitability for different plant species. This review discusses the potentials and limitations of hydrogel in different application conditions. We present the state of knowledge on hydrogel production and crosslinking methods, hydrogel characteristics, water absorption and release mechanisms of hydrogel, hydrogel advantages and limitations, and current and future applications in urban farming.
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Purwoko D, Safarrida A, Tajuddin T, Rupaedah B, Suyono A, Wahid A, Sugianto M, Suja'i I. Metagenomic data of microbial in natural empty fruit bunches degradation. Data Brief 2022; 41:107967. [PMID: 35242946 PMCID: PMC8881682 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.107967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are the lignocellulosic complex organic waste material from palm oil mills that is cheap, environmentally friendly, and abundant in Indonesia. Slow degradation of OPEFB becomes a problem for oil palm plantations. OPEFB which has decayed naturally for 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years were obtained from the Oil Palm Plantation, PTPN VIII Cikasungka, Bogor, Indonesia. In this study, fungal and bacterial diversity in naturally decaying OPEFB in plantations was identified using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the ITS2 for fungal, the V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene, and the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene for bacterial. Bacterial diversity in decaying OPEFB was dominated by the phylum Planctomycetes (40-60%), whereas most of the fungal sequences taken belonged to Ascomycota (60-90%). Biodiversity profile resulting from metagenomic analysis is useful for increasing knowledge about microbial composition in the natural degradation process of OPEFB. The resulting data can be used to compare the diversity of bacteria at different weathering times and depths. In-depth observation of the diversity of lignin-degrading microbes from the natural decomposition of OPEFB has the potential to discover novel enzymes and ligninolytic activities that are useful for the fast degradation of OPEFB, production of biofuels based on enzymatic technology, and the development of high value-added biomass products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devit Purwoko
- Center for Biotechnology- Assessment and Application of Technology Research Organization, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Building No. 630 PUSPIPTEK South Tangerang Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Anna Safarrida
- Center for Biotechnology- Assessment and Application of Technology Research Organization, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Building No. 630 PUSPIPTEK South Tangerang Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Teuku Tajuddin
- Center for Biotechnology- Assessment and Application of Technology Research Organization, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Building No. 630 PUSPIPTEK South Tangerang Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Bedah Rupaedah
- Center for Biotechnology- Assessment and Application of Technology Research Organization, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Building No. 630 PUSPIPTEK South Tangerang Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Agus Suyono
- Center for Biotechnology- Assessment and Application of Technology Research Organization, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Building No. 630 PUSPIPTEK South Tangerang Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Wahid
- Center for Biotechnology- Assessment and Application of Technology Research Organization, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Building No. 630 PUSPIPTEK South Tangerang Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Mahmud Sugianto
- Center for Biotechnology- Assessment and Application of Technology Research Organization, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Building No. 630 PUSPIPTEK South Tangerang Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Imam Suja'i
- Center for Biotechnology- Assessment and Application of Technology Research Organization, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Building No. 630 PUSPIPTEK South Tangerang Banten 15314, Indonesia
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Suteris NN, Yasin A, Misnon II, Roslan R, Zulkifli FH, Rahim MHA, Venugopal JR, Jose R. Curcumin loaded waste biomass resourced cellulosic nanofiber cloth as a potential scaffold for regenerative medicine: An in-vitro assessment. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 198:147-156. [PMID: 34971642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This article demonstrates the development of nanofibrous cloths by electrospinning of renewable materials, i.e., curcumin-loaded 90% cellulose acetate (CA)/10% poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), for applications in regenerative medicine. The CA is derived from the biomass waste of the oil palm plantation (empty fruit bunch). The nanofiber scaffolds are characterized for the fiber morphology, microstructure, thermal properties, and wettability. The optimized smooth and bead-free electrospun fiber cloth contains 90% CA and 10% PCL in two curcumin compositions (0.5 and 1 wt%). The role of curcumin is shown to be two-fold: the first is its function as a drug and the second is its role in lowering the water contact angle and increasing the hydrophilicity. The hydrophilicity enhancements are related to the hydrogen bonding between the components. The enhanced hydrophilicity contributed to improve the swelling behavior of the scaffolds; the CA/PCL/Cur (0.5%) and the CA/PCL/Cur (1.0%) showed swelling of ~700 and 950%, respectively, in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The drug-release studies revealed the highest cumulative drug release of 60% and 78% for CA/PCL/Cur (0.5%) and CA/PCL/Cur (1.0%) nanofibers, respectively. The in-vitro studies showed that CA/PCL/Cur (0.5 wt%) and CA/PCL/Cur (1.0 wt%) nanofiber scaffolds facilitate a higher proliferation and expression of actin in fibroblasts than those scaffolds without curcumin for wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Nadirah Suteris
- Center for Advanced Intelligent Materials, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Kuantan, Malaysia; Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Amina Yasin
- Center for Advanced Intelligent Materials, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Kuantan, Malaysia; Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Izan Izwan Misnon
- Center for Advanced Intelligent Materials, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Kuantan, Malaysia; Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Rasidi Roslan
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Farah Hanani Zulkifli
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hasbi Ab Rahim
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Jayarama Reddy Venugopal
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Malaysia.
| | - Rajan Jose
- Center for Advanced Intelligent Materials, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Kuantan, Malaysia; Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Malaysia.
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Properties of Particleboard from Oil Palm Biomasses Bonded with Citric Acid and Tapioca Starch. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203494. [PMID: 34685253 PMCID: PMC8539998 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of the addition of starch on the properties of oil palm biomass particleboard bonded with citric acid. Three kinds of oil palm biomasses were used in this study for the fabrication of particleboard, namely, oil palm frond (OPF), oil palm trunk (OPT), and empty fruit bunch (EFB) particles. Citric acid and tapioca starch at the mixing ratios of 100:0, 87.5:12.5, and 75:25 were prepared at a 60% solid content. A 30% resin content based on the oven-dried weight of the oil palm biomass particles was used. The sprayed particles were pre-dried at 80 °C for 12 h before being hot-pressed at 180 °C and 4 MPa pressure for 10 min. The physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard were evaluated. The mixtures of citric acid and tapioca starch were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thermal stability of citric acid was reduced after the addition of tapioca starch. The addition of 12.5% tapioca starch improved the bending strength of the particleboard but increased the thickness swelling slightly. All UF-bonded particleboard exhibited significantly inferior performance than that of citric-acid-bonded particleboard. Citric-acid-bonded particleboard maintained its original shape after being subjected to a cyclic-aging treatment, while the UF-bonded particleboard disintegrated half way through the treatment. The performance of EFB particleboard was significantly inferior to its OPT and OPF counterparts.
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Chemical and Structural Changes of Ozonated Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) in a Ribbon-Mixer Reactor. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.16.2.10506.383-395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural wastes especially empty fruit bunch (EFB) are abundantly available to be utilized as a feedstock for biochemical synthesis or biofuel production. The components of the waste include lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. Cellulose, the polymer of glucose, is the active component for producing bio-based chemicals. However, it is difficult to isolate cellulose since lignin, the most outer layer in the waste is recalcitrant. Therefore, the agricultural wastes need to be pre-treated prior to downstream processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ozone pretreatment on lignin degradation and total reducing sugar (TRS) yield. EFB was pre-treated using ozone gas in a ribbon-mixer reactor. The chemical and structural changes of ozonated EFB were analysed. The highest delignification obtained were 95.7 wt.% and TRS yield was enhanced to 84.9% at a moisture content of 40 wt.% with 60 g/m3 ozone concentration within one hour of reaction time. Both NMR and FTIR spectra conferred major peaks inferring higher lignin degradation could be achieved using ozonolysis. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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Preparation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Hydrolysate. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaysia is the second largest palm oil producer and exporter globally. When crude palm oil is produced in both plantations and oil processing mills, a large amount of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is simultaneously produced as a waste product. Here, we describe the preparation of hydrolysate from OPEFB. After OPEFB was hydrothermally treated at 180–200 °C, the resultant liquid phase was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, while the solid phase was used for acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis. Hemicellulose yield from the acid-treated solid phase decreased from 153 mg/g-OPEFB to 27.5 mg/g-OPEFB by increasing the hydrothermal treatment temperature from 180 to 200 °C. Glucose yield from the enzyme-treated solid phase obtained after hydrothermal treatment at 200 °C was the highest (234 ± 1.90 mg/g-OPEFB, 61.7% production efficiency). In contrast, xylose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose yields in the hydrolysate prepared from the solid phase hydrothermally treated at 200 °C were the lowest. Thus, we concluded that the optimum temperature for hydrothermal pretreatment was 200 °C, which was caused by the low hemicellulose yield. Based on these results, we have established an effective method for preparing OPEFB hydrolysates with high glucose content.
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Ee LY, Yau Li SF. Recent advances in 3D printing of nanocellulose: structure, preparation, and application prospects. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1167-1208. [PMID: 36132876 PMCID: PMC9418582 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging cellulose nanomaterials extracted from agricultural biomasses have recently received extensive attention due to diminishing fossil resources. To further reduce the carbon footprints and wastage of valuable resources, additive manufacturing techniques of new nanocellulosic materials have been developed. Studies on the preparation and characterization of 3D-printable functional nanocellulosic materials have facilitated a deeper understanding into their desirable attributes such as high surface area, biocompatibility, and ease of functionalization. In this critical review, we compare and highlight the different methods of extracting nanocellulose from biorenewable resources and the strategies for transforming the obtained nanocellulose into nanocomposites with high 3D printability. Optimistic technical applications of 3D-printed nanocellulose in biomedical, electronics, and environmental fields are finally described and evaluated for future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ying Ee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore Lower Kent Ridge Road, Science Drive 4, S5-02-03 Singapore 117549
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore Lower Kent Ridge Road, Science Drive 4, S5-02-03 Singapore 117549
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16
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Oreos Versus Orangutans: The Need for Sustainability Transformations and Nonhierarchical Polycentric Governance in the Global Palm Oil Industry. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While the myriad benefits of palm oil as a food, makeup, and cleaning product additive drive its demand, globally, the palm oil industry remains largely unsustainable and unregulated. The negative externalities of palm oil production are diverse and devastating to tropical ecosystem integrity and human livelihoods in palm oil nations. Given the current trend in increasing sustainability and transparency in global supply chains, we suggest that sustainability policy reforms are feasible and have the potential to promote 21st century U.S. and international sustainability standards. Polycentric governance may improve the attainment of sustainable global palm oil standards with a set of rules that interact across linear and nonlinear hierarchies and structures, thereby improving collaboration efforts, and increasing connectivity and learning across scales and cultures. Transformations towards sustainability in international palm oil governance has the potential to make valuable contributions to global sustainable development and improve the prosperity of poor rural communities in the tropics by providing a framework for achieving palm oil trade transparency and aligning the sustainability goals across a range of actors.
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Khalid AM, Hossain MS, Ismail N, Khalil NA, Balakrishnan V, Zulkifli M, Yahaya ANA. Isolation and Characterization of Magnetic Oil Palm Empty Fruits Bunch Cellulose Nanofiber Composite as a Bio-Sorbent for Cu(II) and Cr(VI) Removal. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010112. [PMID: 33396583 PMCID: PMC7795890 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, magnetic oil palm empty fruits bunch cellulose nanofiber (M-OPEFB-CNF) composite was isolated by sol-gel method using cellulose nanofiber (CNF) obtained from oil palm empty fruits bunch (OPEFB) and Fe3O4 as magnetite. Several analytical methods were utilized to characterize the mechanical, chemical, thermal, and morphological properties of the isolated CNF and M-OPEFB-CNF. Subsequently, the isolated M-OPEFB-CNF composite was utilized for the adsorption of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution with varying parameters, such as pH, adsorbent doses, treatment time, and temperature. Results showed that the M-OPEFB-CNF as an effective bio-sorbent for the removal of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The adsorption isotherm modeling revealed that the Freundlich equation better describes the adsorption of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) on M-OPEFB-CNF composite. The kinetics studies revealed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model was a better-described kinetics model for the removal of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) using M-OPEFB-CNF composite as bio-sorbent. The findings of the present study showed that the M-OPEFB-CNF composite has the potential to be utilized as a bio-sorbent for heavy metals removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Mardhia Khalid
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (A.M.K.); (N.I.)
| | - Md. Sohrab Hossain
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (A.M.K.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.H.); (N.A.K.); Tel.: +60-4653-5206 (M.S.H.); +60-6551-2155 (N.A.K.)
| | - Norli Ismail
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (A.M.K.); (N.I.)
| | - Nor Afifah Khalil
- University of Kuala Lumpur-Malaysian Institute Chemical & Bioengineering Technology (UniKL-MICET), Lot 1988, Taboh Naning, Alor Gajah, Melaka 78000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (A.N.A.Y.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.H.); (N.A.K.); Tel.: +60-4653-5206 (M.S.H.); +60-6551-2155 (N.A.K.)
| | - Venugopal Balakrishnan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Muzafar Zulkifli
- University of Kuala Lumpur-Malaysian Institute Chemical & Bioengineering Technology (UniKL-MICET), Lot 1988, Taboh Naning, Alor Gajah, Melaka 78000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (A.N.A.Y.)
| | - Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya
- University of Kuala Lumpur-Malaysian Institute Chemical & Bioengineering Technology (UniKL-MICET), Lot 1988, Taboh Naning, Alor Gajah, Melaka 78000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (A.N.A.Y.)
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18
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Ooi KS, Haszman S, Wong YN, Soidin E, Hesham N, Mior MAA, Tabata Y, Ahmad I, Fauzi MB, Mohd Yunus MH. Physicochemical Characterization of Bilayer Hybrid Nanocellulose-Collagen as a Potential Wound Dressing. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13194352. [PMID: 33007893 PMCID: PMC7579490 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The eminent aim for advance wound management is to provide a great impact on the quality of life. Therefore, an excellent strategy for an ideal wound dressing is being developed that eliminates certain drawbacks while promoting tissue regeneration for the prevention of bacterial invasion. The aim of this study is to develop a bilayer hybrid biomatrix of natural origin for wound dressing. The bilayer hybrid bioscaffold was fabricated by the combination of ovine tendon collagen type I and palm tree-based nanocellulose. The fabricated biomatrix was then post-cross-linked with 0.1% (w/v) genipin (GNP). The physical characteristics were evaluated based on the microstructure, pore size, porosity, and water uptake capacity followed by degradation behaviour and mechanical strength. Chemical analysis was performed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results demonstrated a uniform interconnected porous structure with optimal pore size ranging between 90 and 140 μm, acceptable porosity (>70%), and highwater uptake capacity (>1500%). The biodegradation rate of the fabricated biomatrix was extended to 22 days. Further analysis with EDX identified the main elements of the bioscaffold, which contains carbon (C) 50.28%, nitrogen (N) 18.78%, and oxygen (O) 30.94% based on the atomic percentage. FTIR reported the functional groups of collagen type I (amide A: 3302 cm-1, amide B: 2926 cm-1, amide I: 1631 cm-1, amide II: 1547 cm-1, and amide III: 1237 cm-1) and nanocellulose (pyranose ring), thus confirming the presence of collagen and nanocellulose in the bilayer hybrid scaffold. The XRD demonstrated a smooth wavy wavelength that is consistent with the amorphous material and less crystallinity. The combination of nanocellulose with collagen demonstrated a positive effect with an increase of Young's modulus. In conclusion, the fabricated bilayer hybrid bioscaffold demonstrated optimum physicochemical and mechanical properties that are suitable for skin wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shen Ooi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.S.O.); (S.H.); (Y.N.W.); (E.S.); (N.H.); (M.A.A.M.)
| | - Shafieq Haszman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.S.O.); (S.H.); (Y.N.W.); (E.S.); (N.H.); (M.A.A.M.)
| | - Yon Nie Wong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.S.O.); (S.H.); (Y.N.W.); (E.S.); (N.H.); (M.A.A.M.)
| | - Emillia Soidin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.S.O.); (S.H.); (Y.N.W.); (E.S.); (N.H.); (M.A.A.M.)
| | - Nadhirah Hesham
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.S.O.); (S.H.); (Y.N.W.); (E.S.); (N.H.); (M.A.A.M.)
| | - Muhammad Amirul Arif Mior
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.S.O.); (S.H.); (Y.N.W.); (E.S.); (N.H.); (M.A.A.M.)
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
| | - Ishak Ahmad
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Mh Busra Fauzi
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Heikal Mohd Yunus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.S.O.); (S.H.); (Y.N.W.); (E.S.); (N.H.); (M.A.A.M.)
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +60-3-91458624
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