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Teodorescu GM, Vuluga Z, Ioniță A, Nicolae CA, Ghiurea M, Gabor AR, Rădițoiu V, Raduly M, Brezeştean IA, Marconi D, Turcu I. Morphological, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites Based on Bio-Polyamide and Feather Keratin-Halloysite Nanohybrid. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2003. [PMID: 39065320 PMCID: PMC11280597 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
One solution to comply with the strict regulations of the European Commission and reduce the environmental footprint of composites is the use of composite materials based on bio-polymers and fillers from natural resources. The aim of our work was to obtain and analyze the properties of bio-polymer nanocomposites based on bio-PA (PA) and feather keratin-halloysite nanohybrid. Keratin (KC) was mixed with halloysite (H) as such or with the treated surface under dynamic conditions, resulting in two nanohybrids: KCHM and KCHE. The homogenization of PA with the two nanohybrids was conducted using the extrusion processing process. Two types of nanocomposites, PA-KCHM and PA-KCHE, with 5 wt.% KC and 1 wt.% H were obtained. The properties were analyzed using SEM, XRD, FTIR, RAMAN, TGA, DSC, tensile/impact tests, DMA, and nanomechanical tests. The best results were obtained for PA-KCHE due to the stronger interaction between the components and the uniform dispersion of the nanohybrid in the PA matrix. Improvements in the modulus of elasticity and of the surface hardness by approx. 75% and 30%, respectively, and the resistance to scratch were obtained. These results are promising and constitute a possible alternative to synthetic polymer composites for the automotive industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mihail Teodorescu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Zina Vuluga
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Andreea Ioniță
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Cristian Andi Nicolae
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Marius Ghiurea
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Augusta Raluca Gabor
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Valentin Rădițoiu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Monica Raduly
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.T.); (A.I.); (C.A.N.); (M.G.); (A.R.G.); (V.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Ioana Andreea Brezeştean
- Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath, 400296 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.A.B.); (D.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Daniel Marconi
- Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath, 400296 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.A.B.); (D.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Ioan Turcu
- Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath, 400296 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.A.B.); (D.M.); (I.T.)
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Al-Shawabkeh AF. Thermodynamic characteristics of the aliphatic polyamide crystal structures: Enhancement of nylon 66α, 610α and 77γ polymers. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21042. [PMID: 37916125 PMCID: PMC10616352 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the polymer industry's reliance on nylon polymers, numerous questions remain about their crystal structures, modeling, and other features. This work discusses the thermodynamic properties and molecular modeling of a polyamides nylon 66α, 610α, and 77γ crystal structure systems for use in various electronics and Nano-devices that feature distinct properties such as exceptional optoelectronic properties at a low cost compared to other structures. This study looked at the crystal structure of a linear polyamide chain made up of repeating units. The influence of the thermal expansion coefficient and thermodynamic parameters on crystal structures' characteristics at different temperatures has previously been explored. The findings of this study demonstrate, on the one hand, the influence of the amorphous phase on the final thermodynamic characteristics of semi-crystalline polymers and, on the other hand, pave the way for greater improvement in the durability of these polymers by increasing their crystalline features. The values of the thermodynamic parameters for nylon 66α, 610α and 77γ such as enthalpy (ΔHExp.) were 35.08, 40.25, and 1.44 kJ/mol, entropy (ΔSExp.) 113.75, 128.84, and 15.10 J/mol-K, free energy (ΔGExp.) was -44.57, -46.62, and -6.86 kJ/mol, respectively. When the nylon data is compared, the nylon 610α exhibits a significantly higher free energy, at high temperatures, the process is spontaneous and exergonic, making it a potentially viable material for use as fibers and engineering thermoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali F. Al-Shawabkeh
- Department of Scientific Basic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman 11134 Jordan
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Erdmann R, Rennert M, Meins T. Influence of Epoxy Functional Chain-Extenders on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Bio-Based Polyamide 10.10. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3571. [PMID: 37688199 PMCID: PMC10489988 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polyamide 10.10 (PA 10.10) has excellent properties compared to other bio-based polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and is therefore used in more technical applications where higher strength is required. For foam and filament extrusion, a good balance between strength and stiffness of the polymer is needed. Therefore, two commercial chain-extenders (Joncryl® ADR types) with different epoxy functionalities are used to modify the melt properties of PA 10.10. The chain-extenders are used in a concentration range up to 1.25 wt.%. The range of glass transition temperature widens with increasing Joncryl® content, and the apparent activation energy shows a maximum at a concentration of 0.5 wt.%. Furthermore, the melting temperatures are constant and the crystallinity decreases with increasing chain-extender content due to the formation of branches. During the second heating run, a bimodal melting peak appeared, consisting of α-triclinic and pseudo γ-hexagonal crystals. The weight average molar masses (Mw) measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) increased linearly with increasing ADR 4400 content. In contrast, the compounds containing ADR 4468 show a maximum at 0.5 wt.% and it begins to decrease thereafter. The rheological data show an increase in viscosity with increasing chain-extender content due to branch formation. ATR spectra of the compounds show a decrease at the wavelength of the primary (3301 cm-1) and secondary (1634 cm-1) (-NH stretching in PA 10.10) amine, indicating that chain-extension, e.g., branching, takes place during compounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Erdmann
- Institute for Circular Economy of Bio:Polymers at Hof University (ibp), Hof University of Applied Sciences, Alfons-Goppel-Platz 1, 95028 Hof, Germany; (M.R.); (T.M.)
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Quan Q, Zhang Y, Piao H, Zhang H, Zhao J. Polybutyrolactam (PBY) fiber: A promising biobased and biodegradable fiber fabricated by dry-jet-wet spinning. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Special Issue: Processing, Structure, Dynamics and Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Materials. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093143. [PMID: 35591474 PMCID: PMC9103214 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bio-Based Polyamide 1010 with a Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Based on Melamine-Gallic Acid Complex. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071482. [PMID: 32630673 PMCID: PMC7407098 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims at developing polyamide 1010 (PA1010) composites with improved fire behavior using a halogen-free flame-retardant system based on melamine (Me) and gallic acid (GA) complexes (MA). The MA complexes were formed by hydrogen bonding, starting from 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 Me:GA molar ratios. PA1010 composites were obtained by melt mixing, followed by compression molding. MA provided a plasticizing effect on the PA1010 matrix by decreasing the glass transition temperature. The influence of MA on PA1010 chain packaging was highlighted in the X-ray diffraction patterns, mainly in the amorphous phase, but affected also the α and γ planes. This was reflected in the dynamic mechanical properties by the reduction of the storage modulus. H-bonds occurrence in MA complexes, improved the efficiency in the gaseous form during fire exposure, facilitating the gas formation and finally reflected in thermal stability, thermo-oxidative stability, LOI results, and vertical burning behavior results. PA1010 containing a higher amount of GA in the complex (MA12) displayed a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 33.6%, much higher when compared to neat PA1010 (25.8%). Vertical burning tests showed that all the composites can achieve the V-0 rating in contrast with neat PA1010 that has V-2 classification.
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