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Tale Masoule MS, Baffoe E, Ghahremaninezhad A. Mechanisms of Air Entraining of Proteins in Cementitious Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:13042-13059. [PMID: 38874554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
While few prior studies examined the air-entraining properties of proteins in cementitious materials, the underlying mechanisms of proteins' air entraining and the interactions between proteins and cement have not been studied in the past. The significance of this article is to address this knowledge gap by investigating the effect of proteins on relevant factors that affect air entraining in cement paste and establishing an understanding of the mechanism of air entrainment with proteins. These factors include the surface tension of pore solution, protein adsorption on cement particles, cement paste hydrophobization, and flow of fresh paste. Thirteen different proteins were used to investigate the effect of a wide range of protein characteristics on air entraining. Proteins decreased the pore solution surface tension to different degrees. At low concentrations, the adsorption of proteins on cement particles slightly affected the pore solution surface tension. Protein adsorption on cement particles showed a wide range of adsorption isotherms. Proteins generally increased the flow of paste due to electrostatic repulsion between cement particles because of the adsorption of negatively charged proteins on cement particles, as well as the ball-bearing effect of bubbles in fresh paste. The surface hydrophobicity was increased in pastes with proteins. A detailed microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) analysis showed very different air void microstructures in pastes with various proteins. While a relatively strong correlation was observed between air void porosity and surface hydrophobicity, the correlation between air void porosity and the surface tension of pore solution was weak. This indicates that the accumulation of hydrophobized cement particles on the air bubble in the fresh paste, refered to as the Pickering effect, is the main mechanism of air entraining of proteins in the paste. It was shown that a high air void porosity occurs in an intermediate range of flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadegh Tale Masoule
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Elvis Baffoe
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Ali Ghahremaninezhad
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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Song TE, Oh SA, Ahn CW, Oh IK, Jeon HJ. Effective Approach for Fabricating Highly Precise High-Curvature Structural Patterns via Air-Bubble Induction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15785-15791. [PMID: 37880817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Developing a new master mold-based patterning technology that can be used to accurately, precisely, and uniformly create large-area micropatterns while controlling the micropatterns of curved structures is essential for promoting innovative developments in various application fields. This study develops a new top-down lithographic process that can effectively produce structural patterns with high curvatures by growing isolated microbubbles in the master pattern holes. The isolated air-pocket lithography (IAL) we developed is based on the controlled behavior of micrometer-sized air pockets trapped between the grooves of the master pattern and the curable polymer. We successfully fabricated a concave array polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and a convex array polymer film. In addition, the IAL mechanism was proven by confirming the expansion process of micrometer-sized air pockets trapped between the deep groove of the silicon master pattern and the PDMS coating film by using optical microscopy images. We successfully obtained complex three-dimensional structural patterns containing both 3D hollow spherical concave and ring-shaped two-dimensional convex patterns. This simple, fast, and effective high-curvature patterning technique is expected to provide innovative solutions for future applications such as nanoelectronics, optical devices, displays, and photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Eun Song
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ah Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Tech University of Korea, 237, Sangidaehak-ro, Si-heung-si, Gyeonggi-do 15073, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Won Ahn
- National Nano Fab Center (NNFC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Jin Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Tech University of Korea, 237, Sangidaehak-ro, Si-heung-si, Gyeonggi-do 15073, Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Lu H, Xiao R, Hu W, Huang B. Experimental Study on the Stability and Distribution of Air Voids in Fresh Fly Ash Concrete. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8332. [PMID: 36499827 PMCID: PMC9736239 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The air void system purposely introduced by an air-entraining admixture (AEA) is of great significance for the protection of concrete from freeze-thaw damage. Fly ash has been globally used in concrete, while the unburnt carbon in fly ash can adsorb AEA molecules and, thus, increase the AEA demand. Previous studies primarily focused on the air content of fresh fly ash concrete. This paper aimed to explore the stability and distribution of air voids in fly ash concrete at the fresh state. To achieve this goal, eleven different fresh fly ash concrete mixtures with an initial air content of 6 ± 1% were prepared in the laboratory. Samples were taken at various times within 75 min after initial mixing to investigate the air content and air void distribution in fly ash concrete at the fresh state using a super air meter (SAM). The results indicated that there was no significant correlation between loss on ignition (LOI) of fly ash and AEA demand to achieve the initial air content of 6 ± 1%. Class C fly ash concrete tended to have a better air content retention than Class F fly ash concrete. Compared with LOI, AEA demand had a stronger correlation with air content retention. Most of the fly ash concrete mixtures had a satisfactory air void system immediately after mixing, but the SAM number showed an increasing trend over time, suggesting the coarsening of the air void system with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhai Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Hang Lu
- Louisiana Transportation Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Biotechnology, Engineering, and Skilled Technologies Division, Wake Technical Community College, Raleigh, NC 27603, USA
| | - Baoshan Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Qiao M, Wu J, Gao N, Shan G, Shen F, Chen J, Zhu B. Preparation and Properties of Different Polyether-Type Defoamers for Concrete. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7492. [PMID: 36363083 PMCID: PMC9656246 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of polyether-type defoamers for concrete which consist of the same alkyl chain (hydrophobic part) but different polyether chains (hydrophilic part) was prepared, and the structure-property relationship of the defoamers was investigated for the first time. Using oleyl alcohol (OA) as the starting agent (alkyl chain), the polyether defoamers with different polyether chains were prepared by changing the amount and sequence of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) units. The properties of different defoamers were tested in aqueous solutions, and fresh and hardened mortars; the structure-property relationship of the defoamers was thus studied. The results indicated that the defoaming capacity of the polyether defoamers decreased with an increased EO amount, and the defoamers linked with both EO and PO units (PO before EO) had a stronger defoaming capacity than those linked with EO only. This study is beneficial for the development and applications of novel synthetic polyether-type defoamers for concrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
- Bote New Materials Taizhou Co., Ltd., Taizhou 225474, China
| | - Jingzhi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
- Bote New Materials Taizhou Co., Ltd., Taizhou 225474, China
| | - Nanxiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
| | - Guangcheng Shan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
| | - Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
- Bote New Materials Taizhou Co., Ltd., Taizhou 225474, China
| | - Bosong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
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Xiang S, Tan Y, Gao Y, Jiang Z, Liu B, Zeng W. Bubble Evolution under the Action of Polycarboxylate and Air-Entraining Agent and Its Effects on Concrete Properties-A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7053. [PMID: 36295121 PMCID: PMC9605505 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the performance of concrete, it is of great significance to have a better understanding the mechanism and main influencing factors of concrete bubble evolution under the action of polycarboxylate and air-entraining agents. In the present review, with respect to the generation, growth, stability, and rupture of concrete bubbles under the action of polycarboxylate and air-entraining agents, this paper discusses the influence of bubble characteristics on concrete performance and studies bubble regulation by air-entraining agents and polycarboxylate (PCE) superplasticizer. The results show that the acid-to-ether ratio, sulfonic acid group, ester group, and the type of air entraining agent of the polycarboxylate acid structure have a significant impact on the bubbles. The bubble size, specific area, spacing factor, and bubble content have a significant impact on the rheological properties and related mechanical properties of fresh concrete and also affect the appearance quality of concrete. The problems with the experimental methods and theoretical models of concrete bubble research were analyzed, and future research ideas were put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuncheng Xiang
- School of Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yansheng Tan
- School of Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yingli Gao
- School of Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- CSCEC Western Construction Hunan Co., Ltd., Changsha 410082, China
| | - Bin Liu
- CSCEC Western Construction Hunan Co., Ltd., Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- CSCEC Western Construction Hunan Co., Ltd., Changsha 410082, China
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He X, Jiang H, Wan X, Chen K, Ouyang P. Retardation Effects of Filter Mud in Molasses on Composite Silicate Cement. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113989. [PMID: 35683284 PMCID: PMC9181882 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The filter mud in molasses has a significant inhibitory effect on biological activity and cannot be utilised by organisms; therefore, before molasses are biotransformed, the filter mud will be separated and directly discarded in the environment. In this study, the filter mud was used as the retarder of cement concrete OPC 42.5 for the first time. It was found that when 0.2−0.8% filter mud was added to fresh cement concrete OPC PC 42.5, the hardening time of cement slurry was significantly prolonged due to the synergistic retarding effect of sugar, colloid and total cellulose in the filter mud. In addition, the compressive strength of cement concrete mixed with the filter mud in the early stage (<10 days), middle stage (10−100 days) and later stage (180 days) was significantly higher than that of cement concrete and cement concrete mixed with commercial asphalt lignosulfonate. These results showed that the filter mud in molasses could realise harmless and resource utilisation, which could promote the comprehensive utilisation of molasses.
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Deng J, Liu M, Du Z, Zhang C, Wang H, Kong P, Zou W. Study on high energy absorption of spontaneous closed cell polyacrylate foam. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Deng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Beijing University of Chemical Technology People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Beijing University of Chemical Technology People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Du
- Sinochem Petrochemical Distribution Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Beijing University of Chemical Technology People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Unipoly (Shanghai) Performance Materials Co., Ltd, Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Beijing University of Chemical Technology People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Beijing University of Chemical Technology People's Republic of China
- Changzhou Advanced Materials Research Institute Beijing University of Chemical Technology Jiangsu People's Republic of China
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Umar HA, Zeng X, Lan X, Zhu H, Li Y, Zhao H, Liu H. A Review on Cement Asphalt Emulsion Mortar Composites, Structural Development, and Performance. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123422. [PMID: 34205499 PMCID: PMC8234314 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of cement emulsified asphalt mortar (CA mortar) in the track structure of high-speed speed railways has been gaining considerations by many researchers due to its coupled merits of the strength of cement as well as the flexibility of asphalt material. The asphalt to cement ratio (A/C) and the compatibility among constituent materials are crucial to the properties of CA mortar. To improve the performance properties and application of CA mortar, it is imperative to have a broad understanding of the composition mechanisms and compatibility between constituent materials. This paper summarizes interesting research outcomes related to the composition and properties of CA mortar. The consumption of water by cement promotes the breakdown of emulsified asphalt, likewise, the adsorption of asphalt droplets on the surface of cement grains retards the hydration process of cement. An appropriate A/C is required for the cement hydration rate to match the speed of demulsification of asphalt emulsion. Depending on the type and properties for which the CA mortar is designed to possess, the A/C ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 for type 1 (CAM I), and 0.6 to 1.2 for type 2 (CAM II). This paper also discusses measures taken to improve performance properties, compatibility, the interaction between constituent materials of CA mortar, and the use of additives as a partial replacement of cement in CA mortar production. The current review also suggests areas of interest for future research studies. This paper is useful to those who aim to understand or study the composition mechanisms and performance properties of CA mortar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussaini Abdullahi Umar
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
- Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (H.A.U.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaohui Zeng
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.A.U.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xuli Lan
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Huasheng Zhu
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Yirui Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Hong Zhao
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Haichuan Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
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Chen X, Liu X, Tian B, Ge Y, Li L. Effect of Low Atmospheric Pressure on Air Entrainment in Cement-Based Materials: An On-Site Experimental Study at Different Elevations. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13183975. [PMID: 32911739 PMCID: PMC7558358 DOI: 10.3390/ma13183975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency and stability of air entrainment in concrete are sometimes found to be weaker at higher elevation. This phenomenon was attributed to the low atmospheric pressure by many researchers, however, the level of influence of atmospheric pressure on concrete air content dramatically varied among different studies. In order to clarify the effect of low atmospheric pressure on air entrainment in cement-based materials, an on-site experimental study was conducted with a rigorous control of irrelevant variables. The study focused on the air-entraining efficiency in cement paste, mortar, and concrete prepared in both low and standard atmospheric pressures. The air bubble stability in fresh mortar and air void characteristics of hardened mortar in different atmospheric pressures were also included. In the study, little effect of low atmospheric pressure on the air-entraining efficiency and air bubble stability in mortar with studied air-entraining agents (AEAs) was found. The air void characteristics were found to be similar between mortar with SJ-2 or 303R type AEAs prepared in different atmospheric pressures. Concrete with either SJ-2 or 303R type AEA prepared in low atmospheric pressure presented a satisfactory air content. These conclusions indicate that it is not necessary to worry excessively about the potentially adverse effect of atmospheric pressure on the frost resistance of concrete if a suitable AEA is applied. Additionally, a supplementary mortar study found that the low temperature of raw materials stored at high elevation would significantly weaken the air entrainment, reminding that potential causes in addition to low atmospheric pressure should also be taken seriously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (X.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Xu Liu
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (X.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Bo Tian
- Research Institute of Highway, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China;
| | - Yong Ge
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (X.C.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Lihui Li
- Research Institute of Highway, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (L.L.)
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