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Qader HA, Sh Mohammed Ameen S, Qader IB, Omer KM. Portable on-off visual-mode detection using intrinsic fluorescent zinc-based metal-organic framework for detection of diclofenac in pharmaceutical tablets. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 322:124791. [PMID: 38986257 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
On-site, robust, and quantitative detection of diclofenac (DCF) is highly significant in bioanalysis and quality control. Fluorescence-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) play a pivotal role in biochemical sensing, offering a versatile platform for detecting various biomolecules. However, conventional fluorescent MOF sensors often rely on lanthanide metals, which can pose challenges in terms of cost, accessibility, and environmental impact. Herein, an intrinsic blue fluorescent zinc-based metal-organic framework (FMOF-5) was prepared free from lanthanide metals. Coordination-induced emission as an effective strategy was followed wherein a non-fluorescent ligand is converted to a fluorescent one after insertion in a framework. Conventional fluorometry and smartphone-assisted visual methods were employed for the detection of DCF. The fluorescence emission of the FMOF-5 was effectively quenched upon the addition of the DCF, endowing it an "off" condition, which permits the construction of a calibration curve with a wide linear range of 30-670 µM and a detection limit of about 4.1 µM. Other analytical figures of merit, such as linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and precision were studied and calculated. Furthermore, the proposed sensor was successfully applied to quantify DCF in pharmaceutical tablets with reliable recovery and precision. Importantly, the elimination of lanthanide metals from the fluorescence detection system enhances its practicality and sustainability, making it a promising alternative for DCF detection in pharmaceutical analysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemn A Qader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | | | - Idrees B Qader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Kurdistan-Hawler, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Khalid M Omer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science University of Sulaimani, Qliasan Street, Sulaymaniyah, 46002, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
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Wang H, Jin J, Zhang C, Gong F, Hu B, Wu X, Guan M, Xia D. Multifunctional Drugs-Loaded Carbomol Hydrogel Promotes Diabetic Wound Healing via Antimicrobial and Immunoregulation. Gels 2023; 9:761. [PMID: 37754442 PMCID: PMC10530860 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic wound healing poses a significant clinical dilemma. Bacterial infection and immune dysregulation are the predominant reasons. However, conventional wound dressings with a single treatment approach often limit therapeutic efficacy and continue working with difficulty. These limitations cause high treatment failure for diabetic wounds. In this study, we developed a multiple drug-loaded carbomer hydrogel containing Que/Van/Rif (QVR-CBMG) for the simultaneous treatment of infection and immune dysregulation. Honeycomb-like QVR-CBMG hydrogel exhibits excellent abilities to eliminate bacterial infection and biofilms in vitro. Moreover, QVR-CBMG hydrogel possesses an immunomodulatory capacity via affecting the Sirt3/SOD2 signaling pathway to promote M2 macrophages. Furthermore, QVR-CBMG hydrogel effectively promotes wound healing in diabetic rats through several mechanisms. The multidrug-loaded wound dressing not only eliminates bacterial infection and facilitated angiogenesis but also promotes collagen deposition and remodulates the local immune microenvironment in the areas of wounds. In summary, this synthetic strategy to eliminate infection and regulate immune disorders has potential translational value for the prevention and management of diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China; (H.W.); (C.Z.); (F.G.); (B.H.); (X.W.)
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China;
| | - Jiale Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China;
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China; (H.W.); (C.Z.); (F.G.); (B.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Fangyi Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China; (H.W.); (C.Z.); (F.G.); (B.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Baiwen Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China; (H.W.); (C.Z.); (F.G.); (B.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaochuan Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China; (H.W.); (C.Z.); (F.G.); (B.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Ming Guan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China;
| | - Dongdong Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China; (H.W.); (C.Z.); (F.G.); (B.H.); (X.W.)
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Magdy G, Ebrahim S, Belal F, El-Domany RA, Abdel-Megied AM. Sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon quantum dots as fluorescent probes for the determination of some pharmaceutically-important nitro compounds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5502. [PMID: 37015951 PMCID: PMC10073125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, highly fluorescent sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon quantum dots (SN-CQDs) were synthesized by a simple one-pot hydrothermal method using thiosemicarbazide and citric acid as starting materials. Various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were applied to characterize the prepared SN-CQDs. The synthesized SN-CQDs' maximum fluorescence emission was obtained at 430 nm after excitation at 360 nm. Rifampicin (RFP), tinidazole (TNZ), ornidazole (ONZ), and metronidazole (MNZ) all quantitatively and selectively quenched the SN-CQDs' native fluorescence, which was the base-for their-spectrofluorimetric estimation without the need for any tedious pre-treatment steps or high-cost instrumentation. SN-CQDs demonstrated a "turn-off" fluorescence response to RFP, TNZ, ONZ, and MNZ over the ranges of 1.0-30.0, 10.0-200.0, 6.0-200.0, and 5.0-100.0 μM with detection limits of 0.31, 1.76, 0.57, and 0.75 μM and quantitation limits of 0.93, 5.32, 1.74, and 2.28 μM respectively. The suggested method was successfully used to determine the investigated drugs in their commercial dosage forms. The method was further extended to their determination in spiked human plasma samples, with satisfactory mean % recoveries (99.44-100.29) and low % RSD values (< 4.52). The mechanism of fluorescence quenching was studied and discussed. The suggested method was validated in accordance with ICH recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galal Magdy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, P.O. Box 33511, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Shaimaa Ebrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, P.O. Box 33511, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Fathalla Belal
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, P.O. Box 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ramadan A El-Domany
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, P.O. Box 33511, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abdel-Megied
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, P.O. Box 33511, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA
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Liu C, Wu K, Li J, Mu X, Gao H, Xu X. Nanoparticle-mediated therapeutic management in cholangiocarcinoma drug targeting: Current progress and future prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114135. [PMID: 36535198 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) often have an unfavorable prognosis because of its insidious nature, low resectability rate, and poor response to anticancer drugs and radiotherapy, which makes early detection and treatment difficult. At present, CCA has a five-year overall survival rate (OS) of only 5%, despite advances in therapies. New an increasing number of evidence suggests that nanoplatforms may play a crucial role in enhancing the pharmacological effects and in reducing both short- and long-term side effects of cancer treatment. This document reviews the advantages and shortcomings of nanoparticles such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticle,inorganic nanoparticle, nano-metals and nano-alloys, carbon dots, nano-micelles, dendrimer, nano-capsule, bio-Nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of CCA and discuss the current challenges in of nanoplatforms for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunkang Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kunzhe Wu
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianyang Li
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xupeng Mu
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Gao
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Noor H, David IG, Jinga ML, Popa DE, Buleandra M, Iorgulescu EE, Ciobanu AM. State of the Art on Developments of (Bio)Sensors and Analytical Methods for Rifamycin Antibiotics Determination. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:976. [PMID: 36679772 PMCID: PMC9863535 DOI: 10.3390/s23020976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the literature data reported from 2000 up to the present on the development of various electrochemical (voltammetric, amperometric, potentiometric and photoelectrochemical), optical (UV-Vis and IR) and luminescence (chemiluminescence and fluorescence) methods and the corresponding sensors for rifamycin antibiotics analysis. The discussion is focused mainly on the foremost compound of this class of macrocyclic drugs, namely rifampicin (RIF), which is a first-line antituberculosis agent derived from rifampicin SV (RSV). RIF and RSV also have excellent therapeutic action in the treatment of other bacterial infectious diseases. Due to the side-effects (e.g., prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria, hepatotoxicity) of long-term RIF intake, drug monitoring in patients is of real importance in establishing the optimum RIF dose, and therefore, reliable, rapid and simple methods of analysis are required. Based on the studies published on this topic in the last two decades, the sensing principles, some examples of sensors preparation procedures, as well as the performance characteristics (linear range, limits of detection and quantification) of analytical methods for RIF determination, are compared and correlated, critically emphasizing their benefits and limitations. Examples of spectrometric and electrochemical investigations of RIF interaction with biologically important molecules are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Noor
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, “Lucian Blaga” University Sibiu, Lucian Blaga Street 25, 550169 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Iulia Gabriela David
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90-92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Lorena Jinga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90-92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Elena Popa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90-92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Buleandra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90-92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emilia Elena Iorgulescu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90-92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adela Magdalena Ciobanu
- Department of Psychiatry “Prof. Dr. Al. Obregia” Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, Berceni Av. 10, District 4, 041914 Bucharest, Romania
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Neurosciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dionisie Lupu Street 37, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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Li X, Lu Y, Li J, Zhou S, Wang Y, Li L, Zhao F. Photoluminescent carbon dots (PCDs) from sour apple: a biocompatible nanomaterial for preventing UHMWPE wear-particle induced osteolysis via modulating Chemerin/ChemR23 and SIRT1 signaling pathway and its bioimaging application. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:301. [PMID: 35761350 PMCID: PMC9235131 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoluminescent nanomaterials have been widely employed in several biological applications both in vitro and in vivo. For the first time, we report a novel application of sour apple-derived photoluminescent carbon dots (PCDs) for reducing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear particle-induced osteolysis using mouse calvarial model. Generally, aseptic prosthetic loosening seems to be a significant postoperative problem for artificial joints replacement, which is mainly contributed by UHMWPE-induced osteolysis. Hence, inhibiting osteoclastic bone-resorption could minimize UHMWPE-induced osteolysis for implant loosening. Prior to osteolysis studies, the prepared sour apple-derived PCDs were employed for bioimaging application. As expected, the prepared PCDs effectively inhibited the UHMWPE particle-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro. The PCDs treatment effectively inhibited the UHMWPE-induced osteoclast differentiation, F-actin ring pattern, and bone resorption in vitro. Also, the PCDs reduced the UHMWPE-induced ROS stress as well as the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8. Further, the qPCR and western blot results hypothesized that PCDs inhibited the UHMWPE wear particle-induced osteolysis through suppressing chemerin/ChemR23 signaling and NFATc1 pathway, along with upregulation of SIRT1 expression. Overall, these findings suggest that the synthesized PCDs could be a potential therapeutic material for minimizing UHMWPE particle-induced periprosthetic osteolysis to avoid postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengji Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangping Li
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengchao Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Kamali SR, Chen CN, Agrawal DC, Wei TH. Sulfur-doped carbon dots synthesis under microwave irradiation as turn-off fluorescent sensor for Cr(III). J Anal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-021-00298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study synthesized a facile and high sensitive fluorescent probe based on sulfur-doped carbon dots (S-CDs) using a one-step microwave irradiation method. The probe exhibited a strong blue emission and a high quantum yield (QY) of 36.40%. In the detection, the presence of trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) strongly quenched the PL intensity of S-CDs by the inner filter effect (IFE) quenching mechanism of Cr(III) on the S-CDs. The S-CDs exhibited good sensitivity to turn-off Cr(III) detection with a linear range concentration of 0–45 μM and a detection limit of 0.17 μM. Furthermore, the proposed method has been successfully applied for Cr(III) detection in natural water samples with the 93.68–106.20% recoveries.
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Al-Hashimi BR, Omer KM, Rahman HS, Othman HH. Inner filter effect as a sensitive sensing platform for detection of nitrofurantoin using luminescent drug-based carbon nanodots. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 244:118835. [PMID: 32860993 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, a sensitive and selective inner filter effect sensing platform was designed to detect nitrofurantoin (NIT) in pharmaceutical dosage form. Nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon nanodots (CNDs) prepared via solvothermal treatment of folic acid and phosphoric acid. The prepared CNDs exhibit greenish fluorescence at 470 nm when excited at 340 nm with fluorescence quantum yield up to 40%. The CNDs exhibit high stability in various pH, temperature, and ionic strength which adds valuable merits to its pharmaceutical applications. The emission is quenched in the presence of absorber (here NIT) while the fluorophores were not quench by the presence of common pharmaceutical excipients. A fluorometric assay was fabricated to determine NIT in capsules by quenching of the CNDs. The linear response for the proposed method was from 5.0 μM to 90 μM with the detection limit being 1.4 μM. To validate the method, the recovery of NIT in spiked sample was measured which was 96.6% -103.3%. The method was applied to the determination of NIT in pharmaceutical capsule samples, with comparable results of a reference method stated by the British Pharmacopeia (BP). Furthermore, the sub-acute toxicity studies of CNDs were investigated using normal male Balb/c mice forcefully drunk with 3 different dosages of CNDs. Animals did not produce treatment related signs of toxicity or mortality in any of the animals tested during the 28 days observation period. Additionally, no significant (P > 0.05) changes in the body weight, haematological and biochemical parameters compared with the control group were not revealed. Similarly, histopathological examination of the internal vital organs did not show any morphological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baraa R Al-Hashimi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Khalid M Omer
- Komar University of Science and technology, Qliasan St, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | - Heshu S Rahman
- Komar University of Science and technology, Qliasan St, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Hemn H Othman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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Mauro N, Utzeri MA, Buscarino G, Sciortino A, Messina F, Cavallaro G, Giammona G. Pressure-Dependent Tuning of Photoluminescence and Size Distribution of Carbon Nanodots for Theranostic Anticancer Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4899. [PMID: 33142826 PMCID: PMC7662895 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CDs) have recently attracted attention in the field of nanomedicine because of the biocompatibility, cost-effective nature, high specific surface, good near infrared (NIR) photothermal conversion into heat and tunable fluorescence properties, which have paved the way toward incorporating use of CDs into innovative anticancer theranostic platforms. However, a reliable synthesis of CDs with established and controlled physiochemical proprieties is precluded owing to the lack of full manipulation of thermodynamic parameters during the synthesis, thus limiting their use in real world medical applications. Herein, we developed a robust solvothermal protocol which allow fine controlling of temperature and pressure in order to obtain CDs with tunable properties. We obtained different CDs by modulating the operating pressure (from 8 to 18.5 bar) during the solvothermal decomposition of urea and citric acid in N,N-dimethylformamide at fixed composition. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to assess the role of pressure in influencing size, optical and surface properties of the obtained CDs. While preliminary biological and anticancer performance of CDs was established on the MDA-MB-231 cell line, used as triple negative breast cancer model. Our results indicate that pressure impinge on the formation of carbon nanoparticles under solvothermal conditions and impart desired optical, size distribution, surface functionalization and anticancer properties in a facile way. However, we have highlighted that a strategic surface engineering of these CDs is needed to limit the adsorption of corona proteins and also to increase the average surface diameter, avoiding a rapid renal clearance and improving their therapeutic efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
- Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca 5, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianpiero Buscarino
- Department of Physics and Chemistry “E. Segrè”, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (G.B.); (A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Alice Sciortino
- Department of Physics and Chemistry “E. Segrè”, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (G.B.); (A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Messina
- Department of Physics and Chemistry “E. Segrè”, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (G.B.); (A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
- Institute of Biophysics at Palermo, Italian National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (G.C.); (G.G.)
- Institute of Biophysics at Palermo, Italian National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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