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Soheili S, Dolatyar B, Adabi MR, Lotfollahi D, Shahrousvand M, Zahedi P, Seyedjafari E, Mohammadi-Rovshandeh J. Fabrication of fiber-particle structures by electrospinning/electrospray combination as an intrinsic antioxidant and oxygen-releasing wound dressing. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39171375 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00270a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we employed a combination of electrospinning and electrospray techniques to fabricate wound dressings with a particle-fiber structure, providing dual characteristics of oxygen-releasing and intrinsic antioxidant properties, simultaneously. The electrospun part of the dressing was prepared from a blend of polycaprolactone/gallic acid-grafted-gelatin (GA-g-GE), enabling intrinsic ROS scavenging. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that PCL/GA-g-GE was fabricated by electrospinning. Furthermore, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) microparticles, containing calcium peroxide nanoparticles (CNPs), were considered as the oxygen production agent through the electrospray part. The CNP content was 1% and 3% w/w of PVP while biopolymer:PCL was 10% w/w. The fabricated structures were characterized in terms of fiber/particle morphology, elemental analysis, oxygen release behavior, ROS inhibition capacity, and water contact angle assessments. The covalent bonding of gallic acid to gelatin was confirmed by 1H-NMR, UV spectroscopy, and FTIR. According to the SEM results, the morphology of the prepared PCL/biopolymer fibers was bead-free and with a uniform average diameter. The analysis of released oxygen showed that by increasing the weight percentage of CNPs from 1 to 3 wt%, the amount of released oxygen increased from 120 mmHg to 195 mmHg in 24 h, which remained almost constant until 72 h. The obtained DPPH assay results revealed that the introduction of GA-g-GE into the fibrous structure could significantly improve the antioxidant properties of wound dressing compared to the control group without CNPs and modified gelatine. In vitro, the fabricated wound dressings were evaluated in terms of biocompatibility and the potential of the dressing to protect human dermal fibroblasts under oxidative stress and hypoxia conditions by an MTT assay. The presence of GA-g-GE led to remarkable protection of the cells against oxidative stress and hypoxia conditions. In vivo studies revealed that the incorporation of intrinsic ROS inhibition and oxygen-releasing properties could significantly accelerate the wound closure rate during the experimental period (7, 14, and 21 days). Additionally, histopathological investigations in terms of H&E and Masson's trichrome staining showed that the incorporation of the two mentioned capabilities remarkably facilitated the wound-healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Soheili
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Nano-Biopolymers Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P. O. Box: 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Banafsheh Dolatyar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Darya Lotfollahi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Shahrousvand
- Caspian Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 43841-119, Gilan, Iran.
| | - Payam Zahedi
- Nano-Biopolymers Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P. O. Box: 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Seyedjafari
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Lu Y, Liu S, Liang J, Wang Z, Hou Y. Self-Propelled Nanomotor for Cancer Precision Combination Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304212. [PMID: 38259234 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of nanomotor provides an innovative concept for tumor treatment strategies. Conventional chemotherapeutic agents for tumors exit various therapeutic constraints due to the unique microenvironment of the tumor itself. Calcium overload, the aberrant accumulation of free calcium ions in the cytoplasm, is a well-recognized contributor to damage and even cell death in numerous cell types. Such undesired destructive processes can be a novel means applicable to cancer ion interference therapy. Herein, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) and calcium peroxide as the driving force into nanomotors through a facile and understandable experimental scheme are successfully assembled. The modification of nucleic acid aptamer and NIR-II fluorescent molecules on its surface simultaneously strengthens both the active targeting and imaging capability of tumor loci. Therefore, by a comprehensive assessment of nanomotors both in vitro and in vivo experiments, CaO2/DOX@HPS-IR-1061-AS1411 demonstrates superior killing effects on tumor cells, and the intracellular reactive oxygen species produced by nanomotors is verified by molecular biology experiments to induce apoptosis of tumor cells and further achieve tumor therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Lu
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, China
| | - Shikang Liu
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, China
| | - Jiarong Liang
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442, China
| | - Yanglong Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
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Vahora A, Singh H, Dan A, Puthenpurackel SS, Mishra NC, Dhanka M. Nanoengineered oxygen-releasing polymeric scaffold with sustained release of dexamethasone for bone regeneration. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:035007. [PMID: 38387063 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad2c17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining the continuous oxygen supply and proper cell growth before blood vessel ingrowth at the bone defect site are considerably significant issues in bone regeneration. Oxygen-producing scaffolds can supply oxygen and avoid hypoxia leading to expedited bone regeneration. Herein, first oxygen-producing calcium peroxide nanoparticles (CPO NPs) are synthesized, and subsequently, the various amounts of synthesized CPO NPs (0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt/v%) loaded in the scaffold composite, which is developed by simple physical blending of chitosan (CS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) polymers. To deliver the synergistic therapeutic effect, dexamethasone (DEX), known for its potential anti-inflammatory and osteogenic properties, is loaded into the nanocomposite scaffolds. The extensive physicochemical characterizations of nanocomposite scaffolds confirm the successful loading of CPO NPs, adequate porous morphology, pore size, hydrophilicity, and biodegradability.In vitro, biological studies support the antibacterial, hemocompatible, and cytocompatible (MG-63 and MC3T3-E1 cells) nature of the material when tested on respective cells. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy confirm the successful biomineralization of the scaffolds. Scaffolds also exhibit the sustained release of DEX and efficient protein adsorption. This study revealed that a nanoengineered scaffold loaded with CPO NPs (PCL/CS/DEX/CPO 3) is a suitable candidate for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatikaben Vahora
- Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Singh
- Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Khalifa University, Main Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University, Main Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Functional Biomaterials Group, Khalifa University, San Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aniruddha Dan
- Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Surya Suresh Puthenpurackel
- Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Narayan Chandra Mishra
- Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mukesh Dhanka
- Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Hong JY, Lim YG, Song YJ, Park K. Tumor microenvironment-responsive histidine modified-hyaluronic acid-based MnO 2 as in vivo MRI contrast agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:121-131. [PMID: 36493921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles as a good T1 contrast agent could reduce unwanted toxicity and improve the accuracy of cancer detection. Despite these distinct advantages of MnO2-based nanoparticles, their synthesis involves multi-step processes with relatively long synthesis times. In this study, we synthesized histidine-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-His), and the prepared HA-His conjugates quickly reduce permanganate to MnO2, leading to facile production of HA-His/MnO2 nanoparticles with good water-dispersibility and stability under biological conditions. The synthesized HA-His/MnO2 nanoparticles readily responded to the TME (low pH, high H2O2, and high glutathione), and they were internalized into SCC7 cells with high CD44 expression. Moreover, the systemically administered HA-His/MnO2 nanoparticles with biocompatibility were specifically accumulated in tumor tissues, thereby efficiently enhancing T1 contrast in MRI. Therefore, the HA-His/MnO2 nanoparticles synthesized herein can be used as a promising T1 contrast agent for tumor MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Hong
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Geun Lim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Jun Song
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsoon Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Amerhaider Nuar NN, Md. Jamil SNA, Li F, Mat Azmi ID, Chiang PC, Choong TSY. Synthesis of Controlled-Release Calcium Peroxide Nanoparticles Coated with Dextran for Removal of Doxycycline from Aqueous System. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183866. [PMID: 36146006 PMCID: PMC9501176 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale calcium peroxide (nCP) has turned out to be one of the effective and environmentally friendly approaches for wastewater remediation purposes. The rapid hydrolysis of nCPs and burst oxygen release caused by the high surface-to-volume ratio of nCPs could surpass the appropriate demand for oxygenation and pollutant degradation in the aqueous system. Thus, coated oxidants (COs) have been prepared using polymeric materials to ensure long-term efficacy and slow-release capability. Therefore, the nCPs were first prepared using dextran as a stabilizer to prevent irreversible agglomeration by the chemical precipitation method and had an average mean size of 2.33 ± 0.81 nm. The synthesized nCPs were then coated with dextran to produce dextran-coated nCPs. Their characteristics and effectiveness in doxycycline (DOX) degradation were assessed. The characterization of nCPs and dextran-coated nCPs was performed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller analysis (BET), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. This work suggests that dextran-coated nCPs are beneficial in wastewater treatment practice in terms of the long-term efficacy of DOX degradation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siti Nurul Ain Md. Jamil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fan Li
- Center of Sustainable Research, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Diana Mat Azmi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pen-Chi Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10673, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Shean Yaw Choong
- Center of Sustainable Research, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Kim DH, Bae J, Heo JH, Park CH, Kim EB, Lee JH. Nanoparticles as Next-Generation Tooth-Whitening Agents: Progress and Perspectives. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10042-10065. [PMID: 35704786 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Whitening agents, such as hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide, are currently used in clinical applications for dental esthetic and dental care. However, the free radicals generated by whitening agents cause pathological damage; therefore, their safety issues remain controversial. Furthermore, whitening agents are known to be unstable and short-lived. Since 2001, nanoparticles (NPs) have been researched for use in tooth whitening. Importantly, nanoparticles not only function as abrasives but also release reactive oxygen species and help remineralization. This review outlines the historical development of several NPs based on their whitening effects and side effects. NPs can be categorized into metals or metal oxides, ceramic particles, graphene oxide, and piezoelectric particles. Moreover, the status quo and future prospects are discussed, and recent progress in the development of NPs and their applications in various fields requiring tooth whitening is examined. This review promotes the research and development of next-generation NPs for use in tooth whitening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Hwan Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Bae
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Heo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials Technology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Hyun Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bi Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials Technology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Lim DJ, Jang I. Oxygen-Releasing Composites: A Promising Approach in the Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234131. [PMID: 34883634 PMCID: PMC8659775 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In diabetes, lower extremity amputation (LEA) is an irreversible diabetic-related complication that easily occurs in patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Because DFUs are a clinical outcome of different causes including peripheral hypoxia and diabetic foot infection (DFI), conventional wound dressing materials are often insufficient for supporting the normal wound healing potential in the ulcers. Advanced wound dressing development has recently focused on natural or biocompatible scaffolds or incorporating bioactive molecules. This review directs attention to the potential of oxygenation of diabetic wounds and highlights current fabrication techniques for oxygen-releasing composites and their medical applications. Based on different oxygen-releasable compounds such as liquid peroxides and solid peroxides, for example, a variety of oxygen-releasing composites have been fabricated and evaluated for medical applications. This review provides the challenges and limitations of utilizing current oxygen releasable compounds and provides perspectives on advancing oxygen releasing composites for diabetic-related wounds associated with DFUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0012, USA;
| | - Insoo Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju 54987, Korea
- Correspondence:
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He J, Fu LH, Qi C, Lin J, Huang P. Metal peroxides for cancer treatment. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2698-2710. [PMID: 33665502 PMCID: PMC7895646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, metal peroxide (MO2) such as CaO2 has received more and more attention in cancer treatment. MO2 is readily decompose to release metal ions and hydrogen peroxide in the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting metal ions overloading, decreased acidity and elevated oxidative stress in TME. All of these changes making MO2 an excellent tumor therapeutic agent. Moreover, by combining MO2 with photosensitizers, enzymes or Fenton reagents, MO2 can assist and promote various tumor therapies such as photodynamic therapy and chemodynamic therapy. In this review, the synthesis and modification methods of MO2 are introduced, and the representative studies of MO2-based tumor monotherapy and combination therapy are discussed in detail. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of MO2 in the field of tumor therapy are emphasized to promote the development of MO2-based cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Lian-Hua Fu
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Jung SY, Hwang H, Jo HS, Choi S, Kim HJ, Kim SE, Park K. Tannylated Calcium Carbonate Materials with Antacid, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4614. [PMID: 33924775 PMCID: PMC8124724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)-based materials have received notable attention for biomedical applications owing to their safety and beneficial characteristics, such as pH sensitivity, carbon dioxide (CO2) gas generation, and antacid properties. Herein, to additionally incorporate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions, we prepared tannylated CaCO3 (TA-CaCO3) materials using a simple reaction between tannic acid (TA), calcium (Ca2+), and carbonate (CO32-) ions. TA-CaCO3 synthesized at a molar ratio of 1:75 (TA:calcium chloride (CaCl2)/sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)) showed 3-6 μm particles, comprising small nanoparticles in a size range of 17-41 nm. The TA-CaCO3 materials could efficiently neutralize the acid solution and scavenge free radicals. In addition, these materials could significantly reduce the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors and intracellular reactive oxygen species, and protect chondrocytes from toxic hydrogen peroxide conditions. Thus, in addition to their antacid property, the prepared TA-CaCO3 materials exert excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through the introduction of TA molecules. Therefore, TA-CaCO3 materials can potentially be used to treat inflammatory cells or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yun Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi 17546, Korea; (S.-Y.J.); (H.H.); (H.-S.J.)
| | - Heamin Hwang
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi 17546, Korea; (S.-Y.J.); (H.H.); (H.-S.J.)
| | - Han-Saem Jo
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi 17546, Korea; (S.-Y.J.); (H.H.); (H.-S.J.)
| | - Somang Choi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Nano-Based Disease Control Institute, Korea University Guro Hospital, #148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Korea; (S.C.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hak-Jun Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Nano-Based Disease Control Institute, Korea University Guro Hospital, #148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Korea; (S.C.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Nano-Based Disease Control Institute, Korea University Guro Hospital, #148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Korea; (S.C.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Kyeongsoon Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi 17546, Korea; (S.-Y.J.); (H.H.); (H.-S.J.)
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