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Øvrebø Ø, Orlando L, Rubenis K, Ciriello L, Ma Q, Giorgi Z, Tognoni S, Loca D, Villa T, Nogueira LP, Rossi F, Haugen HJ, Perale G. The role of collagen and crystallinity in the physicochemical properties of naturally derived bone grafts. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae093. [PMID: 39224130 PMCID: PMC11368411 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Xenografts are commonly used for bone regeneration in dental and orthopaedic domains to repair bone voids and other defects. The first-generation xenografts were made through sintering, which deproteinizes them and alters their crystallinity, while later xenografts are produced using cold-temperature chemical treatments to maintain the structural collagen phase. However, the impact of collagen and the crystalline phase on physicochemical properties have not been elucidated. We hypothesized that understanding these factors could explain why the latter provides improved bone regeneration clinically. In this study, we compared two types of xenografts, one prepared through a low-temperature chemical process (Treated) and another subsequently sintered at 1100°C (Sintered) using advanced microscopy, spectroscopy, X-ray analysis and compressive testing. Our investigation showed that the Treated bone graft was free of residual blood, lipids or cell debris, mitigating the risk of pathogen transmission. Meanwhile, the sintering process removed collagen and the carbonate phase of the Sintered graft, leaving only calcium phosphate and increased mineral crystallinity. Microcomputed tomography revealed that the Treated graft exhibited an increased high porosity (81%) and pore size compared to untreated bone, whereas the Sintered graft exhibited shrinkage, which reduced the porosity (72%), pore size and strut size. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy displayed crack formation around the pores of the Sintered graft. The Treated graft displayed median mechanical properties comparable to native cancellous bone and clinically available solutions, with an apparent modulus of 166 MPa, yield stress of 5.5 MPa and yield strain of 4.9%. In contrast, the Sintered graft exhibited a lower median apparent modulus of 57 MPa. It failed in a brittle manner at a median stress of 1.7 MPa and strain level of 2.9%, demonstrating the structural importance of the collagen phase. This indicates why bone grafts prepared through cold-temperature processes are clinically favourable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Øvrebø
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Material Biomimetic AS, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Luca Orlando
- Industrie Biomediche Insubri SA, 6805 Mezzovico-Vira, Switzerland
- Orlando Engineering & Consulting Srl, 20094 Corsico, Italy
| | - Kristaps Rubenis
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Luca Ciriello
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Qianli Ma
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Zoe Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Tognoni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dagnija Loca
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Tomaso Villa
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Liebert P Nogueira
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Oral Research Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Håvard J Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Material Biomimetic AS, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Giuseppe Perale
- Industrie Biomediche Insubri SA, 6805 Mezzovico-Vira, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern Switzerland, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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Schulze F, Lang A, Schoon J, Wassilew GI, Reichert J. Scaffold Guided Bone Regeneration for the Treatment of Large Segmental Defects in Long Bones. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020325. [PMID: 36830862 PMCID: PMC9953456 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone generally displays a high intrinsic capacity to regenerate. Nonetheless, large osseous defects sometimes fail to heal. The treatment of such large segmental defects still represents a considerable clinical challenge. The regeneration of large bone defects often proves difficult, since it relies on the formation of large amounts of bone within an environment impedimental to osteogenesis, characterized by soft tissue damage and hampered vascularization. Consequently, research efforts have concentrated on tissue engineering and regenerative medical strategies to resolve this multifaceted challenge. In this review, we summarize, critically evaluate, and discuss present approaches in light of their clinical relevance; we also present future advanced techniques for bone tissue engineering, outlining the steps to realize for their translation from bench to bedside. The discussion includes the physiology of bone healing, requirements and properties of natural and synthetic biomaterials for bone reconstruction, their use in conjunction with cellular components and suitable growth factors, and strategies to improve vascularization and the translation of these regenerative concepts to in vivo applications. We conclude that the ideal all-purpose material for scaffold-guided bone regeneration is currently not available. It seems that a variety of different solutions will be employed, according to the clinical treatment necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schulze
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery & Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Janosch Schoon
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georgi I. Wassilew
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johannes Reichert
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3834-86-22530
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Bansal J, Neuman K, Greene VK, Rubenstein DA. Development of 3D Printed Electrospun Scaffolds for the Fabrication of Porous Scaffolds for Vascular Applications. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2022; 9:380-388. [PMID: 36660297 PMCID: PMC9831558 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2020.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, electrospinning has emerged as a common technique to produce biomedical scaffolds composed of ultrafine fibers formed from many natural and synthetic polymers. A major advantage of this technique is the ability to produce scaffolds that resemble the native extracellular matrix in physical, chemical, and topological properties. However, scaffolds fabricated via electrospinning are not formed with a controlled architecture and typically do a poor job of directing cell growth into prescribed structures for tissue/organ development. To address these weaknesses, 3D bioprinting has recently been used to develop scaffolds that have a highly organized and precise global topology. Unfortunately, these 3D bioprinted scaffolds do not typically resemble the native extracellular matrix in physical properties, such as porosity, fiber diameter, and pore size (e.g., the microarchitecture). Thus, the goal of the current study was to develop a technique that harnesses the intrinsic advantages of both conventional electrospinning and 3D bioprinting techniques to produce scaffolds that have the potential to be used within biomedical applications. The physical properties of formed 3D printed electrospun scaffolds were compared with conventional electrospun and 3D printed scaffolds. Further, we conducted initial proof-of-concept biocompatibility studies to illustrate the applicability of the scaffolds within vascular applications. Our results illustrate that 3D printed electrospun scaffolds can be developed, via our technique, that have highly tailored and organized arbitrary geometries with scaffold properties in the range of the innate extracellular matrix. In addition, these scaffolds were shown to support endothelial cell growth. Therefore, we illustrate the development and testing of a novel bioscaffold fabrication technique that may be used for many tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, which allows for the direct printing of electrospun scaffolds into well-defined macro-scale geometries that also retain the micro-structures commonly observed in electrospun scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahnvi Bansal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Katelyn Neuman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Vaughn K. Greene
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - David A. Rubenstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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