1
|
Lin M, Guo X, Xu Y, Zhang X, Hu D. A Top-Down Approach to the Fabrication of Flame-Retardant Wood Aerogel with In Situ-Synthesized Borax and Zinc Borate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2638. [PMID: 38893902 PMCID: PMC11173988 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a top-down approach was employed for the fabrication of flame-retardant wood aerogels. The process involved the removal of lignin and the removal of hemicellulose utilizing NaOH concomitantly with the incorporation of ZnO and urea. Subsequently, an in situ reaction with boric acid was conducted to prepare flame-retardant wood aerogels. The morphology, chemical composition, thermal stability, and flame retardancy of the samples were studied. The results show that the NaOH treatment transformed the wood into a layered structure, and flame-retardant particles were uniformly distributed on the surface of the aerogel. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of the flame-retardant aerogel were significantly reduced compared with the control samples. Meanwhile, its vertical burning test (UL-94) rating reached the V-0 level, and the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) could exceed 90%. The flame-retardant wood aerogel exhibited excellent flame retardancy and self-extinguishing properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzeng Lin
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiangkun Guo
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yinchao Xu
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xuejin Zhang
- School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Donghao Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pan F, Jia H, Huang Y, Chen Z, Liang S, Jiang P. Analyzing Temperature Distribution Patterns on the Facing and Backside Surface: Investigating Combustion Performance of Flame-Retardant Particle Boards Using Aluminum Hypophosphite, Intumescent, and Magnesium Hydroxide Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4479. [PMID: 38231928 PMCID: PMC10707802 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Particle boards are manufactured through a hot pressing process using wood materials (natural polymer materials) and adhesive, which find common usage in indoor decorative finishing materials. Flame-retardant particleboard, crucial for fire safety in such applications, undergoes performance analysis that includes assessing temperature distribution across its facing surface and temperature increase on the backside surface during facade combustion, yielding critical insights into fire scenario development. In this study, a compact flame spread apparatus is utilized to examine the flame retardancy and combustion behavior of particle boards, with a specific emphasis on the application of cost-effective flame retardants, encompassing aluminum hypophosphite (ALHP), an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) comprising ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (MEL), and Dipentaerythritol (DPE), alongside magnesium hydroxide (MDH), and their associated combustion characteristics. The D300°C values, representing the vertical distance from the ignition point (IP) to P300°C (the temperature point at 300 °C farthest from IP), are measured using a compact temperature distribution measurement platform. For MDH/PB, APP + MEL + DPE/PB, and ALHP/PB samples, the respective D300°C values of 145.79 mm, 117.81 mm, and 118.57 mm indicate reductions of 11.11%, 28.17%, and 27.71%, compared to the untreated sample's value of 164.02 mm. The particle boards treated with ALHP, IFR, and MDH demonstrated distinct flame-retardant mechanisms. MDH/PB relied on the thermal decomposition of MDH to produce MgO and H2O for flame retardancy, while APP + MEL + DPE/PB achieved flame retardancy through a cross-linked structure with char expansion, polyphosphate, and pyrophosphate during combustion. On the other hand, ALHP/PB attained flame retardancy by reacting with wood materials and adhesives, forming a stable condensed P-N-C structure. This study serves as a performance reference for the production of cost-effective flame-resistant particleboards and offers a practical method for assessing its fire-resistant properties when used as a decorative finishing material on facades in real fire situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangya Pan
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Hongyu Jia
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Yuxiang Huang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Zhilin Chen
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shanqing Liang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Peng Jiang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (F.P.); (H.J.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Synergistic flame retardant effect of a new N-P flame retardant on poplar wood density board. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
|
4
|
Cheng X, Lu D, Yue K, Lu W, Zhang Z. Fire Resistance Improvement of Fast-Growing Poplar Wood Based on Combined Modification Using Resin Impregnation and Compression. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173574. [PMID: 36080653 PMCID: PMC9460003 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast-growing poplar with low wood density has been generally regarded as a low-grade wood species and cannot be used as a building material due to its poor fire resistance. As the fire resistance of wood materials is positively correlated with density, combined treatment using resin impregnation, which imparts thermal resistance, and compression, which improves density, appeared to be a route toward improved combustion performance. Fast-growing poplar wood was modified with a combination of borate-containing phenol–formaldehyde resin impregnation and compression in a transverse direction at varying intensities. The effects of the combined treatment on fire resistance were then examined and discussed. Char residue morphology analysis and microscopic observations were conducted to reveal the effects and mechanism of the combined treatment on fire resistance improvement. The test results showed that fire resistance was greatly improved, including the static and dynamic bending performance at elevated and high temperatures, as well as the combustion performance. The higher the compression ratio was, the better the fire resistance of the modified wood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Cheng
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Dong Lu
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Kong Yue
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Weidong Lu
- College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Zhongfeng Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fire and termite resistance of wood treated with PF 6-based ionic liquids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14548. [PMID: 36008529 PMCID: PMC9411536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Six PF6-based ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated to evaluate their potential as chemicals for enhancing fire and termite resistance of wood. The ILs used in this study included 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate ([MPPL]PF6), 1-methyl-1-propylpiperidinium hexafluorophosphate ([MPPR]PF6), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([EMIM]PF6), tetrabutylphosphonium hexafluorophosphate ([TBP]PF6), trihexyltetradecylphosphonium hexafluorophosphate ([THP]PF6), and 1-butylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate ([BPYR]PF6). All of the IL-treated wood samples did not undergo any morphological changes, and exhibited enhanced fire- and termite resistance compared with untreated wood. The fire resistance properties of all of the prepared IL-treated wood specimens were comparable. However, the [EMIM]PF6- and [THP]PF6-treated wood showed slightly inferior termite resistance among the tested IL-treated woods. Overall, [TBP]PF6 was the most promising candidate among the evaluated PF6-based ILs because it is stable in wood without leaching after water penetration.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tian F, Xu D, Xu X. Synergistic Effect of APP and TBC Fire-Retardants on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Strandboard. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020435. [PMID: 35057153 PMCID: PMC8777585 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the feasibility of fabricating fire-retardant strandboard with low mechanical properties deterioration to the physico-mechanical properties. A hybrid fire-retardant system of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and 1,3,5-tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione (TBC) was investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis results show that both APP and TBC enhance the thermal stability and incombustibility of wood strands. An infrared spectrum was applied to investigate the effect of flame retardants on the curing behaviors of polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) resin. Based on the results of limiting oxygen index (LOI) and Cone calorimetry (CONE), APP and TBC both lead to a higher fire retardancy to strandboard. It is worth mentioning that the two flame retardants lead to evidently differential influences on the modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond (IB), and water-soaking thickness swelling (TS) properties of strandboard. Hence, a hybrid flame retardant is prominent in manufacturing strandboard with both good fire retardant and satisfying physico-mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinwu Xu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13814097545
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shen J, Liang J, Lin X, Lin H, Yu J, Wang S. The Flame-Retardant Mechanisms and Preparation of Polymer Composites and Their Potential Application in Construction Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:82. [PMID: 35012105 PMCID: PMC8747271 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Against the background of people's increasing awareness of personal safety and property safety, the flame retardancy (FR) of materials has increasingly become the focus of attention in the field of construction engineering. A variety of materials have been developed in research and production in this field. Polymers have many advantages, such as their light weight, low water absorption, high flexibility, good chemical corrosion resistance, high specific strength, high specific modulus and low thermal conductivity, and are often applied to the field of construction engineering. However, the FR of unmodified polymer is not ideal, and new methods to make it more flame retardant are needed to enhance the FR. This article primarily introduces the flame-retardant mechanism of fire retardancy. It summarizes the preparation of polymer flame-retardant materials by adding different flame-retardant agents, and the application and research progress related to polymer flame-retardant materials in construction engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Shen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Jianwei Liang
- Building Office, Taizhou Urban and Rural Planning & Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318000, China;
| | - Xinfeng Lin
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Hongjian Lin
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Shifang Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Innovative Polyelectrolyte Treatment to Flame-Retard Wood. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172884. [PMID: 34502926 PMCID: PMC8433691 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire protection has been a major challenge in wood construction for many years, mainly due to the high flame spread risk associated with wood flooring. Wood fire-retardancy is framed by two main axes: coating and bulk impregnation. There is a growing need for economically and environmentally friendly alternatives. The study of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) for wood substrates is in its infancy, but PECs’ versatility and eco-friendly character are already recognized for fabric fire-retardancy fabrics. In this study, a new approach to PEC characterization is proposed. First, PECs, which consist of polyethyleneimine and sodium phytate, were chemically and thermally characterized to select the most promising systems. Then, yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) was surface-impregnated under reduced pressure with the two PECs identified as the best options. Overall, wood fire-retardancy was improved with a low weight gain of 2 wt.% without increasing water uptake.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Z, Zhang S, Ding M, Wang M, Xu X. Construction of a Phytic Acid-Silica System in Wood for Highly Efficient Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4164. [PMID: 34361358 PMCID: PMC8347795 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic flammability of wood restricts its application in various fields. In this study, we constructed a phytic acid (PA)-silica hybrid system in wood by a vacuum-pressure impregnation process to improve its flame retardancy and smoke suppression. The system was derived from a simple mixture of PA and silica sol. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated an incorporation of the PA molecules into the silica network. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed that the system greatly enhanced the char yield of wood from 1.5% to 32.1% (in air) and the thermal degradation rates were decreased. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the PA/silica-nanosol-treated wood was 47.3%. Cone calorimetry test (CCT) was conducted, which revealed large reductions in the heat release rate and smoke production rate. The appearance of the second heat release peak was delayed, indicating the enhanced thermal stability of the char residue. The mechanism underlying flame retardancy was analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), FTIR, and TG-FTIR. The improved flame retardancy and smoke-suppression property of the wood are mainly attributed to the formation of an intact and coherent char residue with crosslinked structures, which can protect against the transfer of heat and mass (flammable gases, smoke) during burning. Moreover, the hybrid system did not significantly alter the mechanical properties of wood, such as compressive strength and hardness. This approach can be extended to fabricate other phosphorus and silicon materials for enhancing the fire safety of wood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mingzhi Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (M.D.); (X.X.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Selectively Producing Acetic Acid via Boric Acid-Catalyzed Fast Pyrolysis of Woody Biomass. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Boric acid is recently proved to be a good substitute for conventional acidic catalytic materials. However, few studies used boric acid as a catalyst in biomass pyrolysis. This study focused on the catalytic effects of boric acid (BA) on pyrolysis behaviors of woody biomass. The birch wood flour (WF) was used as feedstock and treated by impregnation of boric acid solution. Both untreated and boric acid-treated samples (BW) were characterized by FTIR and SEM. Thermogravimetry (TG) and pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) techniques were used for studying mass loss, composition, and distribution of evolved volatiles formed from pyrolysis process. Additionally, a small fixed-bed pyrolyzer with an amplificated loading amount was used to prepare liquid products, and further, GC/MS were used to analyze the composition of these liquid products. Different pyrolysis temperatures and boric acid/wood flour mass ratios were also studied. The main results are as follows. Boric acid infiltrated into both cell cavity and cell wall through impregnation treatment. FTIR analysis showed that boric acid reacted with wood flour to form B-O-C bond during the treatment. After the treatment of boric acid, the initial degradation temperatures and residual carbon contents were increased, while the maximum weight loss rates were decreased. Boric acid significantly altered the composition and distribution of volatile pyrolysis products of wood flour. It significantly increased the contents of small molecule compounds such as acetic acid and furfural but, decreased the contents of phenol derivatives with high molecular weights. And these changes became more pronounced as the temperature increased. When mass ratio of boric acid (BA) to wood flour (WF) was 2, the acetic acid accounted for 91.28% of the total product in the pyrolysis liquid, which was 14 times higher than that of untreated wood flour. Boric acid effectively catalyzed fast pyrolysis of woody biomass to selectively produce acetic acid
Collapse
|