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Su Y, Wei Y, He Y, Chen G. Cellulose fiber-based and engineered capillary foam toward a sustainable, recyclable, and high-performance cushioning structural material. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131422. [PMID: 38614187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Foam materials have been widely used in cushioning packaging to ensure the integrity of products inside by absorbing energy and preventing collision. However, the extensive use of petroleum-based plastic foams may exacerbate environmental pollution and consume large amounts of energy. Therefore, there has been an increasing focus on producing high-performance and environmentally friendly foams in recent years. In this study, we developed a simple approach for manufacturing cellulose fiber-based capillary foams featuring superior stability and three-dimensional (3D) backbone network cross-linking structure composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and cationic starch (CS). The resultant capillary foam showed low density (0.154 g/cm3), superior mechanical properties (elastic modulus ranging from 77 to 501 kPa), high energy absorbing efficiency (32.8 %), and low cushioning coefficient (3.0). Besides, the end-of-life cellulose fiber-based capillary foam can be easily recycled for use, showing an attractive closed-loop cycle process. This study presents a unique option for creating affordable, eco-friendly, and malleable foams, demonstrating the potential to substitute the currently used petroleum-based foams in the packaging, food, and transport industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yingying He
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Specialty Paper and Paper-Based Functional Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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2
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Wang H, Dinesh, Kim J. Development of lightweight, high-strength, and highly porous ligno-nanocellulosic foam with excellent antioxidant and insulation properties. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 326:121616. [PMID: 38142097 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
This study reports an environmentally friendly ligno-nanocellulosic foam prepared by utilizing lignin (LGN), cellulose nanofiber (CNF), and citric acid (CA) as a green crosslinker through an easy, low-cost, and environmentally friendly process. The FTIR study and XPS analysis of the prepared LGN/CNF foams confirm the crosslinking between the components, which leads to lower shrinkage, lower density, and higher porosity than the neat CNF foam, achieving a remarkably low density of 19.59 mg/cm3 and high porosity of 98.84 % The morphology and microstructure of the foam show a uniform three-dimensional porous network built by strong cell walls. The crosslinked LGN/CNF foams indicate 182 % higher compressive modulus and 306 % higher compressive strength at 70 % strain than the neat CNF foam. Further, the addition of LGN and CA enhances the antioxidant activity of the foam. The prepared foam shows lower thermal conductivity and better sound absorption performance than the neat CNF foam, indicating a potential to be used as thermal insulation and sound-absorbing materials that can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Wang
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Dinesh
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea.
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3
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Zhou Y, Yin W, Guo Y, Qin C, Qin Y, Liu Y. Green Preparation of Lightweight, High-Strength Cellulose-Based Foam and Evaluation of Its Adsorption Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081879. [PMID: 37112026 PMCID: PMC10146140 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the application scope of most cellulose-based foams is limited due to their low adsorbability and poor recyclability. In this study, a green solvent is used to extract and dissolve cellulose, and the structural stability of the solid foam is enhanced by adding a secondary liquid via the capillary foam technology, and the strength of the solid foam is improved. In addition, the effects of the addition of different gelatin concentrations on the micro-morphology, crystal structure, mechanical properties, adsorption, and recyclability of the cellulose-based foam are investigated. The results show that the cellulose-based foam structure becomes compact, the crystallinity is decreased, the disorder is increased, and the mechanical properties are improved, but its circulation capacity is decreased. When the volume fraction of gelatin is 2.4%, the mechanical properties of foam are the best. The stress of the foam is 55.746 kPa at 60% deformation, and the adsorption capacity reaches 57.061 g/g. The results can serve as a reference for the preparation of highly stable cellulose-based solid foams with excellent adsorption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Zhou
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wenbo Yin
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuliang Guo
- Shandong Institute of Standardization, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Chenni Qin
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yizheng Qin
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Paper and Pollution Control, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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4
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Disassembly of Amyloid Fibril with Infrared Free Electron Laser. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043686. [PMID: 36835098 PMCID: PMC9967569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid fibril causes serious amyloidosis such as neurodegenerative diseases. The structure is composed of rigid β-sheet stacking conformation which makes it hard to disassemble the fibril state without denaturants. Infrared free electron laser (IR-FEL) is an intense picosecond pulsed laser that is oscillated through a linear accelerator, and the oscillation wavelengths are tunable from 3 μm to 100 μm. Many biological and organic compounds can be structurally altered by the mode-selective vibrational excitations due to the wavelength variability and the high-power oscillation energy (10-50 mJ/cm2). We have found that several different kinds of amyloid fibrils in amino acid sequences were commonly disassembled by the irradiation tuned to amide I (6.1-6.2 μm) where the abundance of β-sheet decreased while that of α-helix increased by the vibrational excitation of amide bonds. In this review, we would like to introduce the IR-FEL oscillation system briefly and describe combination studies of experiments and molecular dynamics simulations on disassembling amyloid fibrils of a short peptide (GNNQQNY) from yeast prion and 11-residue peptide (NFLNCYVSGFH) from β2-microglobulin as representative models. Finally, possible applications of IR-FEL for amyloid research can be proposed as a future outlook.
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Dinesh, Wang H, Kim J. Citric Acid-Crosslinked Highly Porous Cellulose Nanofiber Foam Prepared by an Environment-Friendly and Simple Process. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2200090. [PMID: 36381129 PMCID: PMC9638428 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, cellulose nanofiber (CNF) foams are prepared by an environment-friendly, time-saving, and simple process using bio-based citric acid (CA) as a green crosslinking agent. Scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy examine the foam morphology and confirm the crosslinking. The prepared foam shows a very high porosity (>98%) with a low density (24.02 mg cm-3) with more than 200% improvement in mechanical strength and modulus compared to the neat CNF foam. In addition, the inclusion of CA into CNF improves thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the prepared foam demonstrates a good sound absorption behavior, suitable for environment-friendly and lightweight sound-absorbing foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future CompositesDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringInha University100 Inha‐ro, Michuhol‐guIncheon22212South Korea
| | - Hanbin Wang
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future CompositesDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringInha University100 Inha‐ro, Michuhol‐guIncheon22212South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future CompositesDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringInha University100 Inha‐ro, Michuhol‐guIncheon22212South Korea
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Xu Y, Xu Y, Chen H, Gao M, Yue X, Ni Y. Redispersion of dried plant nanocellulose: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119830. [PMID: 35868740 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose has undergone substantial development as a high value-added cellulose product with broad applications. Dried products are advantageous to decrease transportation costs. However, dried nanocellulose has redispersion challenges when rewetting. In this work, drying techniques, factors affecting redispersibility, and strategies improving the nanocellulose redispersibility are comprehensively reviewed. Hydrogen bonds of nanocellulose are unavoidably developed during drying, leading to inferior redispersibility of dried nanocellulose, even hornification. Drying processes of nanocellulose are discussed first. Then, factors affecting redispersibility are discussed. Following that, strategies improving the nanocellulose redispersibility are analyzed and their advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. Surface charge modification and steric hindrance concept are two main pathways to overcome the redispersion challenge, which are mainly carried out by chemical modification, additive incorporation and non-cellulosic component preservation. Despite several advancements having been achieved, new approaches for enhancing the nanocellulose redispersibility are still required to promote the industrial-scale applications of nanocellulose in various domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; Shaanxi Province Key Lab of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; Shaanxi Province Key Lab of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; Shaanxi Province Key Lab of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Minlan Gao
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; Shaanxi Province Key Lab of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yue
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; Shaanxi Province Key Lab of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
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Kawasaki T, Yamaguchi Y, Kitahara H, Irizawa A, Tani M. Exploring Biomolecular Self-Assembly with Far-Infrared Radiation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091326. [PMID: 36139165 PMCID: PMC9496551 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical engineering technology using far-infrared radiation has been gathering attention in chemical, biological, and material research fields. In particular, the high-power radiation at the terahertz region can give remarkable effects on biological materials distinct from a simple thermal treatment. Self-assembly of biological molecules such as amyloid proteins and cellulose fiber plays various roles in medical and biomaterials fields. A common characteristic of those biomolecular aggregates is a sheet-like fibrous structure that is rigid and insoluble in water, and it is often hard to manipulate the stacking conformation without heating, organic solvents, or chemical reagents. We discovered that those fibrous formats can be conformationally regulated by means of intense far-infrared radiations from a free-electron laser and gyrotron. In this review, we would like to show the latest and the past studies on the effects of far-infrared radiation on the fibrous biomaterials and to suggest the potential use of the far-infrared radiation for regulation of the biomolecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayasu Kawasaki
- Accelerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Ibaraki, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuusuke Yamaguchi
- Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kitahara
- Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Fukui, Japan
| | - Akinori Irizawa
- SR Center, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tani
- Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Fukui, Japan
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8
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Liang S, Qin Y, Gao W, Wang M. A lightweight polyurethane-carbon microsphere composite foam for electromagnetic shielding. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we have produced a lightweight foam composite material by a simple freeze-drying method, which is composed of carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), mesoporous carbon hollow microspheres (MCHMs), water-based polyurethane (WPU), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). MCHMs were prepared by a novel and facile method. We found that the electromagnetic shielding performance of foam composites can be adjusted by adjusting the density of foam composites, and the electromagnetic shielding performance of composites can be enhanced through the synergistic effect of hollow mesoporous carbon and MWCNTs. The composite material with a density of 232.8042 mg·cm−3 and 40 wt% MWCNT has a δ of 30.2 S·m−1 and SE of 23 dB. After adding 10 wt% MCHMs to the composite material, δ reaches 33.2 S·m−1, and SE reaches 28 dB. Both absorption losses accounted for 70%. The increase in the content of MWCNT, the increase in density, and the introduction of MCHMs all have a positive effect on the δ and SE of the composite material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Liang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University , Nanning 530000 , Guangxi , China
| | - Yuxuan Qin
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University , Nanning 530000 , Guangxi , China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University , Nanning 530000 , Guangxi , China
- Guangxi Engineering and Technology Research Center for High Quality Structural Panels from Biomass Wastes , Nanning 530000 , Guangxi , China
| | - Muqun Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University , Nanning 530000 , Guangxi , China
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9
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Rahmanian V, Pirzada T, Wang S, Khan SA. Cellulose-Based Hybrid Aerogels: Strategies toward Design and Functionality. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102892. [PMID: 34608687 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The brittle nature of early aerogels developed from inorganic precursors fueled the discovery of their organic counterparts. Prominent among these organics are cellulose aerogels because of their natural abundance, biocompatibility, sustainable precursors, and tunable properties. The hierarchical structure of cellulose, from polymers to nano/microfibers, further facilitates fabrication of materials across multiple length scales with added applicability. However, the inherent flammability, structural fragility, and low thermal stability have limited their use. Recently developed cellulose-based hybrid aerogels offer strong potential owing to their tunability and enhanced functionality brought about by combining the inherent properties of cellulose with organic and inorganic components. A survey of the historical background and scientific achievements in the design and development of cellulose-based hybrid aerogel materials is encompassed here. The impacts of incorporating organic and inorganic ingredients with cellulose and the corresponding synergistic effects are discussed in terms of their design and functionality. The underlying principles governing the structural integration and functionality enhancement are also analyzed. The latest developments of cellulose-based hybrid aerogels fabricated from nontraditional incipient aerogels, such as fibrous webs, are also explored. Finally, future opportunities that could make these materials achieve even greater impacts through improved scalability, rationally designed synthesis, and multifunctional properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Rahmanian
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA
| | - Tahira Pirzada
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA
| | - Siyao Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA
| | - Saad A Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA
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Purkayastha S, Ghosh AK, Saha S. Nano fibrillated cellulose‐based foam by Pickering emulsion: Preparation, characterizations, and application as dye adsorbent. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srijita Purkayastha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Anup K. Ghosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
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11
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Wu X, Gao Y, Jiang T, Wang Y, Yang K, Liu T, Sun K, Zhao Y, Li W, Yu J. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Multi-Phase Epoxy Syntactic Foam (CFR-Epoxy-Hardener/HGMS/Aerogel-R-Hollow Epoxy Macrosphere(AR-HEMS)). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050683. [PMID: 33668296 PMCID: PMC7956284 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Because the aerogel has ultra-low density and good impact resistance, the aerogel material, epoxy-hardener system, and expandable polystyrene beads (EPS) were used to prepare the lightweight aerogel reinforced hollow epoxy macro-spheres (AR-HEMS). The multi-phase epoxy syntactic foam (ESF) was manufactured with the epoxy-hardener system, HGMS (EP-hardener-HGMS), and AR-HEMS by “the compression modeling method.” In this experiment, in order to enhance the strength of the ESF, some different kinds of the carbon fiber (CF) were added into the EP-hardener-HGMS system (CFR-EP). The influence of the volume stacking fraction, inner diameter, and layer of the AR-HEMS and the content and type of the CF in the EP-HGMS (CFR-EP) system on the compressive strength of the ESF were studied. Weighing the two factors of the density and compressive strength, the ESF reinforced by 1.5 wt% CF with 90% AR-HEMS has the better performance. This kind of the ESF has 0.428 g/cm3 nd 20.76 Mpa, which could be applied in 2076 m deep sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Wu
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (Y.W.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (K.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (Y.W.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (Y.W.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (Y.W.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (K.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Tengshi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (Y.W.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Yuantao Zhao
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (Y.W.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenge Li
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering and Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Y.G.); (T.J.); (Y.W.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Jinhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (K.Y.); (J.Y.)
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