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Zhang G, Hao Q, Ma R, Luo S, Chen K, Liang Z, Jiang C. Biochar and hematite amendments suppress emission of CH 4 and NO 2 in constructed wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162451. [PMID: 36863587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are considered a widely used cost-effective technology for pollutant removal. However, greenhouse gas emissions are a non-negligible problem in CWs. In this study, four laboratory-scale CWs were established to evaluate the effects of gravel (CWB), hematite (CWFe), biochar (CWC), and hematite + biochar (CWFe-C) as substrates on pollutants removal, greenhouse gas emissions, and associated microbial characteristics. The results showed that the biochar-amended CWs (CWC and CWFe-C) enhanced the removal efficiency of pollutants, with 92.53 % and 93.66 % of COD and 65.73 % and 64.41 % of TN removal, respectively. Both single and combined inputs of biochar and hematite significantly reduced CH4 and N2O fluxes, with the lowest average of CH4 flux obtained in CWC (5.99 ± 0.78 mg CH4 m-2 h-1) and the least N2O flux in CWFe-C (287.57 ± 44.84 μg N2O m-2 h-1). The substantial reduction of global warming potentials (GWP) was obtained in the applications of CWC (80.25 %) and CWFe-C (79.5 %) in biochar-amended CWs. The presence of biochar and hematite mitigated CH4 and N2O emissions by modifying microbial communities with higher ratios of pmoA/mcrA and nosZ genes abundances, as well as increasing the abundance of denitrifying bacteria (Dechloromona, Thauera and Azospira). This study demonstrated that biochar and the combined use of biochar and hematite could be the potential candidates as functional substrates for the efficient removal of pollutants and simultaneously reducing GWP emissions in the constructed wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingju Hao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-resource for Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rongzhen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shixu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Keqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhenghao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changsheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-resource for Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Qin K, Li J, Yang W, Wang Z, Zhang H. Role of minerals in mushroom residue on its adsorption capability to Cd(II) from aqueous solution. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138290. [PMID: 36870617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To explore the influence of mineral components in bio-sorbent on its adsorption capability towards heavy metal ions, the physicochemical properties of original mushroom residue (UMR) and that treated by an acid solution to remove its minerals (AMR) were comparatively analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). Then, the adsorption performance of UMR and AMR for Cd(II) as well as the potential adsorption mechanism were investigated. Results show that UMR contains abundant K, Na, Ca and Mg, with the contents of 245.35, 50.18, 1390.63 and 29.84 mmol kg-1, respectively. Acid treatment (AMR) results in the removal of most of the mineral components, exposing more pore structures and increasing the specific surface area by about 7 times to 20.45 m2 g-1. The adsorption performance of UMR is significantly better than that of AMR when they are employed to purify a Cd(II)-contained aqueous solution. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of UMR calculated by Langmuir model is 75.74 mg g-1, which is about 22 times of that of AMR. Moreover, the adsorption of Cd(II) on UMR reaches an equilibrium at about 0.5 h, while the adsorption equilibrium of AMR takes more than 2 h. The mechanism analysis shows that 86.41% of the adsorption of Cd(II) on UMR can be attributed to ion exchange and precipitation caused by mineral components (especially for K, Na, Ca and Mg). The adsorption of Cd(II) on AMR mainly depends on the interactions between Cd(II) and surface functional groups, electrostatic interaction and pore-filling. The study indicates that those bio-solid wastes with abundant mineral components can be potentially developed as low-cost and high-efficient adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qin
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Jiale Li
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Wenchao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Guangling College and School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhanghong Wang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Research Center of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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Madzin Z, Zahidi I, Raghunandan ME, Talei A. Potential application of spent mushroom compost (SMC) biochar as low-cost filtration media in heavy metal removal from abandoned mining water: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2022; 20:6989-7006. [PMID: 36373081 PMCID: PMC9638476 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-022-04617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Overpopulation and rapid development have put an increasing burden on the environment, leading to various water crisis. Importing water from abandoned mines as an alternative raw water source could be the next answer to alleviate water scarcity problems globally. However, due to its high heavy metals content, there is a need to find an economical and effective method to remove heavy metals before reusing it as potable water source. Biochar, a low-cost and carbon-rich biosorbent, has received increasing attention on its application as a remediating agent to remove heavy metals from water. Previous studies have revealed the potential properties of biochar as a heavy metal removal agent including high cation exchange capacity, high surface area, active surface functional groups, as well as efficient adsorption. Apparently, the most important factor influencing the sorption mechanism is the type of feedstock materials. Spent mushroom compost (SMC), a waste product from mushroom cultivation, has been found as an excellent biosorbent. SMC has received global attention as it is low cost and eco-friendly. It also has been proved as an efficient heavy metals remover from water. Nevertheless, its application as biochar is still scarce. Therefore, this review focuses on the potential of transforming SMC into modified biochar to remove heavy metals, especially from abandoned mining water. The present review emphasizes the current trends in adsorption methods for heavy metal removal from water, assembles data from previous studies on the feedstock of biosorbents to biochars, and discusses the potentials of SMC as a biochar for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Madzin
- Civil Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - I. Zahidi
- Civil Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - M. E. Raghunandan
- Civil Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - A. Talei
- Civil Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Spent Mushroom Substrate and Electric Arc Furnace Dust Recycling by Carbothermic Reduction Method. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072639. [PMID: 35407972 PMCID: PMC9000805 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
With recent increases in environmental awareness, the circular economy concept, which involves turning waste into usable products, has gradually become widely accepted. Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is an agricultural waste that lacks recycling channels in Taiwan. This study explored the feasibility of simultaneously recycling two completely different types of waste: spent mushroom substrate (SMS), an agricultural waste, and electric-arc furnace dust (EAFD), an industrial waste. Specifically, SMS was used to replace metallurgical coke as a reducing agent for EAFD, which underwent carbothermic reduction to recycle valuable metallic Zn. The results showed that if SMS and EAFD were mixed at a C/O ratio of 0.8, the degree of Zn removal achieved 95% at 1100 °C, which is 150 °C lower than the reduction temperature of the EAFD-coke mixture (due to volatile matter (VM) in SMS). For the reduction of ZnO in EAFD, with the assistance of VM in SMS, the C/O ratio can be decreased from 0.8 to 0.16 at 1300 °C, achieving a high degree of Zn removal over 95%. In addition, the torrefaction of SMS increased the fixed carbon content and improved the Zn productivity at the same C/O ratio, reaching almost the same productivity as the coke sample (SMS torrefaction = 500 °C, C/O = 0.8, reduction = 1200 °C, Zn removal~99%). Finally, CO2 emission reductions from the use of SMS were also estimated.
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Abstract
The edible mushroom industry has grown significantly in recent years due to the dietary change and the demand for heathy food. However, the spent mushroom compost (SMC) will be produced in large quantities after the harvest, thus forming an agricultural waste requiring proper management other than dumping or burning. In this work, two types of SMCs with the cultivation of shiitake fungus (SF) and black fungus (BF) were converted into porous biochar products (a series of SMC-SF-BC and SMC-BF-BC) at higher pyrolysis temperatures (i.e., 400, 600 and 800 °C) based on their thermochemical characteristics, using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The pore and chemical properties of the resulting products, including surface area, pore volume, average pore size, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were studied to correlate them with the most important process parameter. The results showed that the pore properties of the biochar products indicated a significant increase with the increase in the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 600 °C. The data on the maximal Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area for the biochar products produced at 800 °C (i.e., SMC-SF-BC-800 and SMC-BF-BC-800) were found to be 312.5 and 280.9 m2/g, respectively. Based on the EDS and FTIR, plenty of oxygen-containing functional groups were found on the surface of the resulting biochar products.
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Leong YK, Ma TW, Chang JS, Yang FC. Recent advances and future directions on the valorization of spent mushroom substrate (SMS): A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126157. [PMID: 34678450 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Commercial mushrooms are cultivated on lignocellulose wastes, such as corncob, saw dust, straw and wood chips. Following the rapidly increasing global mushroom production, the efficient recycling and utilization of the by-product, known as spent mushroom substrate (SMS) has garnered much attention due to the serious pollution issues caused. Embracing the concept of 'circular economy', the SMSs have demonstrated immense potential in wide range of applications, including recycling as the substrate for new cultivation cycle of mushroom, biofertilizer and soil amendment, animal feed, renewable energy production and pollution bioremediation. The review provided an overview and recent advances focusing on these applications, analyzed the possible challenges and proposed future directions for sustainable development of global mushroom industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoong Kit Leong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Te-Wei Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Army Academy, Taoyuan 32092, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Chiang Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
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Isaeva VI, Vedenyapina MD, Kurmysheva AY, Weichgrebe D, Nair RR, Nguyen NPT, Kustov LM. Modern Carbon-Based Materials for Adsorptive Removal of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater. Molecules 2021; 26:6628. [PMID: 34771037 PMCID: PMC8587771 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, a serious threat for living organisms and human life in particular, is water contamination with persistent organic and inorganic pollutants. To date, several techniques have been adopted to remove/treat organics and toxic contaminants. Adsorption is one of the most effective and economical methods for this purpose. Generally, porous materials are considered as appropriate adsorbents for water purification. Conventional adsorbents such as activated carbons have a limited possibility of surface modification (texture and functionality), and their adsorption capacity is difficult to control. Therefore, despite the significant progress achieved in the development of the systems for water remediation, there is still a need for novel adsorptive materials with tunable functional characteristics. This review addresses the new trends in the development of new adsorbent materials. Herein, modern carbon-based materials, such as graphene, oxidized carbon, carbon nanotubes, biomass-derived carbonaceous matrices-biochars as well as their composites with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF-derived highly-ordered carbons are considered as advanced adsorbents for removal of hazardous organics from drinking water, process water, and leachate. The review is focused on the preparation and modification of these next-generation carbon-based adsorbents and analysis of their adsorption performance including possible adsorption mechanisms. Simultaneously, some weak points of modern carbon-based adsorbents are analyzed as well as the routes to conquer them. For instance, for removal of large quantities of pollutants, the combination of adsorption and other methods, like sedimentation may be recommended. A number of efficient strategies for further enhancing the adsorption performance of the carbon-based adsorbents, in particular, integrating approaches and further rational functionalization, including composing these adsorbents (of two or even three types) can be recommended. The cost reduction and efficient regeneration must also be in the focus of future research endeavors. The targeted optimization of the discussed carbon-based adsorbents associated with detailed studies of the adsorption process, especially, for multicomponent adsorbate solution, will pave a bright avenue for efficient water remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera I. Isaeva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marina D. Vedenyapina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexandra Yu. Kurmysheva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dirk Weichgrebe
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; (D.W.); (R.R.N.); (N.P.T.N.)
| | - Rahul Ramesh Nair
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; (D.W.); (R.R.N.); (N.P.T.N.)
| | - Ngoc Phuong Thanh Nguyen
- Institute for Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany; (D.W.); (R.R.N.); (N.P.T.N.)
| | - Leonid M. Kustov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bldg. 3, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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Yankovych H, Novoseltseva V, Kovalenko O, Marcin Behunova D, Kanuchova M, Vaclavikova M, Melnyk I. New perception of Zn(II) and Mn(II) removal mechanism on sustainable sunflower biochar from alkaline batteries contaminated water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 292:112757. [PMID: 34000452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The combination of several methods (X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, infrared spectroscopy) was applied to study the changes that have occurred during the adsorption of Zn(II) and Mn(II) ions on a carbonized sunflower sample for understanding a mechanism of heavy metals adsorption. Sunflower biochar was obtained from the stem and inflorescences sunflower wastes through pyrolysis at 600 °C for 30 min. According to the infrared spectroscopy and Boehm titration data, this carbonized material has acidic and basic functional groups on its surface, but they do not participate in the metal ions adsorption. However, the synthesized carbon proved to be a sustainable high-effective adsorbent for zinc(II) and manganese(II) ions removal with adsorption capacity 138.3 mg g-1 of Zn2+ and 45.4 mg g-1 for Mn2+. Surface analysis of the carbonized material by energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated the presence of soluble and insoluble inorganic salts, such as KCl, NaCl, NaHCO3, KHCO3, CaCO3, MgCO3. It was established, that during the adsorption process, soluble salts are washed away, and new insoluble ones are formed assisting by Zn(II) and Mn(II) ions. It has been revealed that the adsorptive removal of Zn2+ and Mn2+ is caused by the precipitation mechanism. The efficiency of removing Zn(II) and Mn(II) ions from water contaminated with battery waste by the same mechanism is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halyna Yankovych
- Department of Physical and Physico-chemical Methods of Mineral Processing, Institute of Geotechnics SAS, Watsonova 45, Kosice, 04001, Slovak Republic; Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling of the Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, Košice, 04200, Slovak Republic
| | - Viktoriia Novoseltseva
- Department of Bioengineering and Water, Odesa National Academy of Food Technologies, Kanatna 112, Odesa, 65039, Ukraine
| | - Olena Kovalenko
- Department of Bioengineering and Water, Odesa National Academy of Food Technologies, Kanatna 112, Odesa, 65039, Ukraine
| | - Dominika Marcin Behunova
- Department of Physical and Physico-chemical Methods of Mineral Processing, Institute of Geotechnics SAS, Watsonova 45, Kosice, 04001, Slovak Republic
| | - Maria Kanuchova
- Institute of Earth Resources, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenskeho 19, Kosice, 04001, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslava Vaclavikova
- Department of Physical and Physico-chemical Methods of Mineral Processing, Institute of Geotechnics SAS, Watsonova 45, Kosice, 04001, Slovak Republic
| | - Inna Melnyk
- Department of Physical and Physico-chemical Methods of Mineral Processing, Institute of Geotechnics SAS, Watsonova 45, Kosice, 04001, Slovak Republic.
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Kumar H, Bhardwaj K, Sharma R, Nepovimova E, Cruz-Martins N, Dhanjal DS, Singh R, Chopra C, Verma R, Abd-Elsalam KA, Tapwal A, Musilek K, Kumar D, Kuča K. Potential Usage of Edible Mushrooms and Their Residues to Retrieve Valuable Supplies for Industrial Applications. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:427. [PMID: 34071432 PMCID: PMC8226799 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the food and agricultural sectors are concerned about environmental problems caused by raw material waste, and they are looking for strategies to reduce the growing amount of waste disposal. Now, approaches are being explored that could increment and provide value-added products from agricultural waste to contribute to the circular economy and environmental protection. Edible mushrooms have been globally appreciated for their medicinal properties and nutritional value, but during the mushroom production process nearly one-fifth of the mushroom gets wasted. Therefore, improper disposal of mushrooms and untreated residues can cause fungal disease. The residues of edible mushrooms, being rich in sterols, vitamin D2, amino acids, and polysaccharides, among others, makes it underutilized waste. Most of the published literature has primarily focused on the isolation of bioactive components of these edible mushrooms; however, utilization of waste or edible mushrooms themselves, for the production of value-added products, has remained an overlooked area. Waste of edible mushrooms also represents a disposal problem, but they are a rich source of important compounds, owing to their nutritional and functional properties. Researchers have started exploiting edible mushroom by-products/waste for value-added goods with applications in diverse fields. Bioactive compounds obtained from edible mushrooms are being used in media production and skincare formulations. Furthermore, diverse applications from edible mushrooms are also being explored, including the synthesis of biosorbent, biochar, edible films/coating, probiotics, nanoparticles and cosmetic products. The primary intent of this review is to summarize the information related to edible mushrooms and their valorization in developing value-added products with industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India; (H.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Kanchan Bhardwaj
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India; (K.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India; (H.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (E.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (D.S.D.); (R.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (D.S.D.); (R.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Chirag Chopra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (D.S.D.); (R.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Rachna Verma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India; (K.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
- Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Ashwani Tapwal
- Forest Protection Division, Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla 171013, India;
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (E.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India; (H.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (E.N.); (K.M.)
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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