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Liu H, Ji X, Wang W, Zhou L. 3D-Networks Based Polymer Composites for Multifunctional Thermal Management and Electromagnetic Protection: A Mini Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2400. [PMID: 38793467 PMCID: PMC11122969 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of miniaturized, high-frequency, and highly integrated microelectronic devices has brought about critical issues in electromagnetic compatibility and thermal management. In recent years, there has been significant interest in lightweight polymer-based composites that offer both electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and thermal conductivity. One promising approach involves constructing three-dimensional (3D) interconnection networks using functional fillers in the polymer matrix. These networks have been proven effective in enhancing the thermal and electrical conductivity of the composites. This mini-review focuses on the preparation and properties of 3D network-reinforced polymer composites, specifically those incorporating metal, carbon, ceramic, and hybrid networks. By comparing the effects of different filler types and distribution on the composite materials, the advantages of 3D interconnected conductive networks in polymer composites are highlighted. Additionally, this review addresses the challenges faced in the field of multifunctional thermal management and electromagnetic protection materials and provides insights into future development trends and application prospects of 3D structured composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houbao Liu
- School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an 237012, China
| | - Xiaohu Ji
- School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an 237012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Environment and Tourism, West Anhui University, Lu’an 237012, China;
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Wang H, Zheng D, Zhang Y, Han L, Cao Z, Lu Z, Tan J. High-Performance Transparent Ultrabroadband Electromagnetic Radiation Shielding from Microwave toward Terahertz. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49487-49499. [PMID: 37816124 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
In the era of fifth-generation networks and Internet-of-Things, the use of multiband electromagnetic radiation shielding is highly desirable for next-generation electronic devices. Herein, we report a systematic exploration of optoelectronic behaviors of ultrathin-silver-based shielding prototype (USP) film structures at the nanometer scale, unlocking the transparent ultrabroadband electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding from microwave to terahertz frequencies. A theoretical model is proposed to optimize USP structures to achieve increased transparency, whereby optical antireflection resonances are introduced in dielectrics in conjunction with remarkable EMI shielding capability. USP can realize a state-of-the-art effective electromagnetic radiation shielding bandwidth with measured frequencies from 8 GHz up to 2 THz. Experimental results show that a basic USP (dAg = 10 nm) offers an average shielding efficiency of ∼27.5 dB from the X- to Ka-bands (8-40 GHz) and maintains a stable shielding performance of ∼22.6 dB across a broad range of 0.5-2 THz, with a measured optical transmittance of ∼95.2%. This extraordinary performance of ultrathin-silver-based film structures provides a new ultrabroadband EMI shielding paradigm for potential applications in next-generation electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyan Wang
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Danni Zheng
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Lin Han
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Cao
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Zhengang Lu
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jiubin Tan
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
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Moon Y, Lee H, Jung J, Han H. Direct visualization of carbon black aggregates in nitrile butadiene rubber by THz near-field microscope. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7846. [PMID: 37188716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of filling agents for rubber reinforcement is beneficial in various industrial applications, and several experimental methods have been used to study the effect of fillers on rubber. However, due to the lack of a suitable imaging technique, filler dispersion and distribution in rubber cannot be easily displayed. Thus, we utilize the THz near-field microscope (THz-NFM) to directly visualize the distribution of carbon black (CB) aggregates in nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). The THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was used to evaluate the optical properties of the NBR specimens. Results revealed significant indices contrast between CB and NBR at the THz regime, which was attributed to the variation in electrical conductivities. The micrographs of NBR in the THz-NFM revealed the distribution of CB aggregates. The area fraction (AF) of the CB aggregates was calculated using a binary thresholding algorithm to compare with the transmission electron microscope method. Both methods yielded comparable AF values, suggesting, for the first time, that CB can be detected in the NBR without preprocessing the specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngil Moon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Haneol Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jaekap Jung
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
| | - Haewook Han
- Hydrogen Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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Kim YJ, Lee SC, Park HH, Jang KS, Lee SJ. Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance of Poly(styrene- co-butyl acrylate)/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites Fabricated by Latex Technology. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Jae Kim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, South Korea
| | - Seung Chang Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, South Korea
| | - Keon-Soo Jang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, South Korea
| | - Seong Jae Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, South Korea
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A New Design of a Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber for Gas Sensing Applications. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamaterial absorbers are used in the terahertz frequency regime as photo-detectors, as sensing elements, in imaging applications, etc. Narrowband absorbers, on account of their ultra-slender bandwidth within the terahertz frequency spectrum, show a significant shift in the absorption peak when an extrinsic entity relative to the absorber, like refractive index or temperature of the encircling medium, is altered. This property paves the path for the narrowband absorbers to be used as potential sensors to detect any alterations in the encircling medium. In this paper, a novel design of a terahertz metamaterial (MTM) absorber is proposed, which can sense the variations in the refractive index (RI) of the surrounding medium. The effective permeability of the structure is negative, while its permittivity is positive; thus, it is a μ-negative metamaterial. The layout involves a swastika-shaped design made of gold on top of a dielectric gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate. The proposed absorber achieved a nearly perfect absorption of 99.65% at 2.905 terahertz (THz), resulting in a quality factor (Q-factor) of 145.25. The proposed design has a sensitivity of 2.12 THz/RIU over a range of varied refractive index from n = 1.00 to n = 1.05 with a step size of 0.005, thereby achieving a Figure of Merit (FoM) of 106. Furthermore, the sensor was found to have a polarization-insensitive characteristic. Considering its high sensitivity (S), the proposed sensor was further tested for gas sensing applications of harmful gases. As a case study, the sensor was used to detect chloroform. The proposed work can be the foundation for developing highly sensitive gas sensors.
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Solvent polarity impacts the sorption kinetics and tensile properties of carbon black filled elastomers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dielectric Properties of Hybrid Polyethylene Composites Containing Cobalt Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051876. [PMID: 35269106 PMCID: PMC8912063 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymer composites with electrically conductive inclusions are intensively developed for microwave shielding applications, where lightweight and elastic coatings are necessary. In this paper, dielectric properties of hybrid polyethylene composites containing cobalt nanoparticles and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were investigated in the wide frequency range of 20–40 GHz for electromagnetic shielding applications. The percolation threshold in the hybrid system is close to 6.95 wt% MWCNT and 0.56 Co wt%. Cobalt nanoparticles (up to highest investigated concentration 4.8 wt%) had no impact on the percolation threshold, and for the fixed total concentration of fillers, the complex dielectric permittivity is higher for composites with bigger MWCNT concentrations. Moreover, the microwave complex dielectric permittivity of composites with high concentration of fillers is quite high (for composites with 13.4 wt% MWCNT and 1.1 wt% Co ε′ ≈ ε″ ≈ 20 at 30 GHz, it corresponds to microwave absorption 50% of 1 mm thickness plate); therefore, these composites are suitable for electromagnetic shielding applications.
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Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Behavior of Magnetic Carbon Fibers Prepared by Electroless FeCoNi-Plating. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143774. [PMID: 34300695 PMCID: PMC8305096 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, soft magnetic metal was coated on carbon fibers (CFs) using an electroless FeCoNi-plating method to enhance the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of CFs. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and a vibrating sample magnetometer were employed to determine the morphologies, structural properties, and magnetic properties of the FeCoNi-CFs, respectively. The EMI shielding behavior of the FeCoNi-CFs was investigated in the frequency range of 300 kHz to 3 GHz through vector network analysis. The EMI shielding properties of the FeCoNi-CFs were significantly enhanced compared with those of the as-received CFs. The highest EMI shielding effectiveness of the 60-FeCoNi-CFs was approximately 69.4 dB at 1.5 GHz. The saturation magnetization and coercivity of the 60-FeCoNi-CFs were approximately 103.2 emu/g and 46.3 Oe, respectively. This indicates that the presence of FeCoNi layers on CFs can lead to good EMI shielding due to the EMI adsorption behavior of the magnetic metal layers.
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Zeranska-Chudek K, Wróblewska A, Kowalczyk S, Plichta A, Zdrojek M. Graphene Infused Ecological Polymer Composites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Heat Management Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2856. [PMID: 34073472 PMCID: PMC8198334 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the age of mobile electronics and increased aerospace interest, multifunctional materials such as the polymer composites reported here are interesting alternatives to conventional materials, offering reduced cost and size of an electrical device packaging. We report a detailed study of an ecological and dual-functional polymer composite for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and heat management applications. We studied a series of polylactic acid/graphene nanoplatelet composites with six graphene nanoplatelet loadings, up to 15 wt%, and three different flake lateral sizes (0.2, 5 and 25 μm). The multifunctionality of the composites is realized via high EMI shielding efficiency exceeding 40 dB per 1 mm thick sample and thermal conductivity of 1.72 W/mK at 15 wt% nanofiller loading. The EMI shielding efficiency measurements were conducted in the microwave range between 0.2 to 12 GHz, consisting of the highly relevant X-band (8-12 GHz). Additionally, we investigate the influence of the nanofiller lateral size on the studied physical properties to optimize the studied functionalities per given nanofiller loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Zeranska-Chudek
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.Z.)
| | - Anna Wróblewska
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.Z.)
| | - Sebastian Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (S.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrzej Plichta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (S.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Mariusz Zdrojek
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.Z.)
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Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Anisotropy of Unidirectional CFRP Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14081907. [PMID: 33920420 PMCID: PMC8070076 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have excellent mechanical properties and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance. Recently, their EMI shielding performance has also attracted great attention in many industrial fields to resolve electromagnetic pollution. The present paper mainly investigated the EMI shielding anisotropy of CFRP materials using a specified set-up of free-space measurement. The electrical conductivity of unidirectional CFRP composites was identified to vary with the fiber orientation angles, and the formula was proposed to predict the results consistent with the experimental. The obvious EMI shielding anisotropy of unidirectional CFRP composites was clarified by free-space measurement. The theoretical formula can predict the EMI shielding value at different carbon fiber orientation angles, and the predicted results were highly consistent with the experimental results. A comparison of the free-space measurement and the coaxial transmission line method was also conducted, which indicated that special attention should be paid to the influence of the anisotropy of CFRP composites on the shielding results. With those results, the mechanism of EMI shielding anisotropy of CFRP composites is clarified, which will provide an effective design of EMI shielding products with a designable shielding direction and frequency.
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