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Ziejewska C, Grela A, Hebda M. Influence of Waste Glass Particle Size on the Physico-Mechanical Properties and Porosity of Foamed Geopolymer Composites Based on Coal Fly Ash. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2044. [PMID: 36903157 PMCID: PMC10004531 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In order to protect the environment and counteract climate change, it is necessary to take any actions that enable a reduction in CO2 emissions. One of the key areas is research focused on developing alternative sustainable materials for construction to reduce the global demand for cement. This work presents the properties of foamed geopolymers with the addition of waste glass as well as determined the optimal size and amount of waste glass for improving the mechanical and physical features of the produced composites. Several geopolymer mixtures were fabricated by replacing coal fly ash with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of waste glass by weight. Moreover, the effect of using different particle size ranges of the addition (0.1-1200 µm; 200-1200 µm; 100-250 µm; 63-120 µm; 40-63 µm; 0.1-40 µm) in the geopolymer matrix was examined. Based on the results, it was found that the application of 20-30% of waste glass with a particle size range of 0.1-1200 µm and a mean diameter of 550 µm resulted in approximately 80% higher compressive strength in comparison to unmodified material. Moreover, the samples produced using the smallest fraction (0.1-40 µm) of waste glass in the amount of 30% reached the highest specific surface area (43.711 m2/g), maximum porosity (69%), and density of 0.6 g/cm3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Ziejewska
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grela
- Faculty of Environmental and Power Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marek Hebda
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Foamed Eco-Geopolymer Modified by Perlite and Cellulose as a Construction Material for Energy-Efficient Buildings. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15124297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible climate change, including atmosphere temperature extremes, is one of the most important issues of the present time. In this context, the construction industry requires solutions for increasing the energy efficiency of buildings through feedback between temperature adjustment inside buildings and better isolation of the external parts of buildings. Newly developed thermal insulation materials play an important role in this strategy. This paper presents the foamed geopolymer based on metakaolin that can be used as a modern facade material. In order to further improve its thermal insulation properties, the composition of geopolymer was modified with organic substances, i.e., perlite and cellulose fibers (30% and 50% of the volume). The thermal conductivity and insulation properties, density, mineral phases, absorbability, and compressive strength were improved for composite materials. It has been shown that the final properties of the foamed geopolymer can be controlled to a great extent by modifications, and the final properties determine its applicability.
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Ziejewska C, Marczyk J, Korniejenko K, Bednarz S, Sroczyk P, Łach M, Mikuła J, Figiela B, Szechyńska-Hebda M, Hebda M. 3D Printing of Concrete-Geopolymer Hybrids. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082819. [PMID: 35454512 PMCID: PMC9027359 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, 3D concrete printing technology has been developing dynamically. Intensive research is still being carried out on the composition of the materials dedicated to innovative 3D printing solutions. Here, for the first time, concrete-geopolymer hybrids produced with 3D printing technology and dedicated environmentally friendly building construction are presented. The concrete-geopolymer hybrids consisting of 95% concrete and 5% geopolymer based on fly ash or metakaolin were compared to standard concrete. Moreover, 3D printed samples were compared with the samples of the same composition but prepared by the conventional method of casting into molds. The phase composition, water leachability, compressive, and flexural strength in the parallel and perpendicular directions to the printing direction, and fire resistance followed by compressive strength were evaluated. Concrete-geopolymer hybrids were shown to contain a lower content of hazardous compounds in leaches than concrete samples. The concentration of toxic metals did not exceed the limit values indicated in the Council Decision 2003/33/EC; therefore, the materials were classified as environmentally neutral. The different forms of Si/Al in fly ash and metakaolin resulted in the various potentials for geopolymerization processes, and finally influenced the densification of the hybrids and the potential for immobilization of toxic elements. Although the compressive strength of concrete was approximately 40% higher for cast samples than for 3D printed ones, for the hybrids, the trend was the opposite. The addition of fly ash to concrete resulted in a 20% higher compressive strength compared to an analogous hybrid containing the addition of metakaolin. The compressive strength was 7–10% higher provided the samples were tested in the parallel direction to the Z-axis of the printout. The sample compressive strength of 24–43 MPa decreased to 8–19 MPa after the fire resistance tests as a result of moisture evaporation, weight loss, thermal deformation, and crack development. Importantly, the residual compressive strength of the hybrid samples was 1.5- to 2- fold higher than the concrete samples. Therefore, it can be concluded that the addition of geopolymer to the concrete improved the fire resistance of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Ziejewska
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (C.Z.); (J.M.); (K.K.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.Ł.); (J.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Joanna Marczyk
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (C.Z.); (J.M.); (K.K.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.Ł.); (J.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Kinga Korniejenko
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (C.Z.); (J.M.); (K.K.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.Ł.); (J.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Sebastian Bednarz
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (C.Z.); (J.M.); (K.K.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.Ł.); (J.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Piotr Sroczyk
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (C.Z.); (J.M.); (K.K.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.Ł.); (J.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Michał Łach
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (C.Z.); (J.M.); (K.K.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.Ł.); (J.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Janusz Mikuła
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (C.Z.); (J.M.); (K.K.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.Ł.); (J.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Beata Figiela
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (C.Z.); (J.M.); (K.K.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.Ł.); (J.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland;
| | - Marek Hebda
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (C.Z.); (J.M.); (K.K.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.Ł.); (J.M.); (B.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-1262-83423
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Eco-Geopolymers: Physico-Mechanical Features, Radiation Absorption Properties, and Mathematical Model. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14020262. [PMID: 35054669 PMCID: PMC8780130 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste ashes and radiation are hazardous environmental and health factors; thus, a lot of attention is paid to their reduction. We present eco-geopolymer building materials (GPBMs) based on the class F fly ashes (FFAs) from thermal power plants (TPPs) and their implementation as a barrier against radioactive radiation. Different methods of production, ratios of FFA to alkali activator, and temperatures of curing were tested. Small spherical particles and higher content of SiO2 resulted in developed surface area and higher reactivity of Isken TPP FFA than Catalagzi TPP FFA. Lower activator concentration (10% vs. 20%) and curing temperature (70 vs. 100 °C) caused an increase in GPBM compressive strength; the highest value was measured as 93.3 MPa. The highest RA was measured for GPBMs, provided alkali activator ratio (Na2SiO3/NaOH) was >2 and its concentration was 20%. The mathematical model developed in this study proved FFA quantity, and thus GPBM mechanical properties, as key factors influencing RA. In the light of these results, the lightweight GPBMs can be excellent materials for the construction sector dedicated to immobilization, storage, and disposal for radionuclides or barriers against radiation; however, multiple steps of their production require careful optimization.
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Hybrid Materials Based on Fly Ash, Metakaolin, and Cement for 3D Printing. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226874. [PMID: 34832276 PMCID: PMC8618050 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, one very dynamic development of 3D printing technology is required in the construction industry. However, the full implementation of this technology requires the optimization of the entire process, starting from the design of printing ideas, and ending with the development and implementation of new materials. The article presents, for the first time, the development of hybrid materials based on a geopolymer or ordinary Portland cement matrix that can be used for various 3D concrete-printing methods. Raw materials used in the research were defined by particle size distribution, specific surface area, morphology by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, radioactivity tests, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and leaching. The geopolymers, concrete, and hybrid samples were described according to compressive strength, flexural strength, and abrasion resistance. The study also evaluates the influence of the liquid-to-solid ratio on the properties of geopolymers, based on fly ash (FA) and metakaolin (MK). Printing tests of the analyzed mixtures were also carried out and their suitability for various applications related to 3D printing technology was assessed. Geopolymers and hybrids based on a geopolymer matrix with the addition of 5% cement resulted in the final materials behaving similarly to a non-Newtonian fluid. Without additional treatments, this type of material can be successfully used to fill the molds. The hybrid materials based on cement with a 5% addition of geopolymer, based on both FA and MK, enabled precise detail printing.
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Doğan-Sağlamtimur N, Bilgil A, Szechyńska-Hebda M, Parzych S, Hebda M. Eco-Friendly Fired Brick Produced from Industrial Ash and Natural Clay: A Study of Waste Reuse. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:877. [PMID: 33673275 PMCID: PMC7918474 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bottom ash (BA) is an industrial solid waste formed by the burning of coal. The environmental problems and storage costs caused by this waste increase with every passing day. In this study, the use of BA as an additive (clay substitute) in fired brick production was investigated. The study consisted of two stages. In the first stage, cylinder blocks were produced from clay used in brick production. The second stage was the examination of the experimental substitution of clay with 10, 20, 30 and 40% BA. Samples were fired at 900, 1000, 1100 and 1150 °C to produce fired brick samples. The unit weight, compressive strength (before and after freeze-thawing) and water absorption were analyzed for the samples. The unit weight values decreased in the samples containing BA. The mechanical properties met the conditions prescribed in the relevant standards; i.e., all of the samples fired at 1100 and 1150 °C had a sufficient compressive strength over 20 MPa. The high potential of fired bricks for the construction industry was proved. BA can be used as a clay substitute, while the developed protocol can be used to effectively produce fired bricks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmet Bilgil
- Department of Civil Engineering, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, 51240 Niğde, Turkey;
| | - Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Cracow, Poland;
- The Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
| | - Sławomir Parzych
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (S.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Marek Hebda
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (S.P.); (M.H.)
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